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短暂性动词和延续性动词22306-

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初中英语中短暂性动词与延续性动词的用法
英语中，按动词延续的时间长短，可将动词分为延续性动词和短暂性动词。延续性动词如learn, study, work, play, wait等。短暂性动词是非延续性动词，即动作一开始便结束的动词，又可称结束性动词，瞬间动词，如come, go, begin, start, become, join, end, die, buy, arrive, reach, borrow, lend, get to know等。
一．短暂性动词与延续性动词在现在完成时中的用法：现在完成时中用法（一）：
表示发生在过去，迄今已经完成，并对现在产生影响或产生结果的动作，常用ever, yet, already, just等状语，谓语动词既可是延续性动词，也可是短暂性动词。
如：She has just borrowed the book from the library.(borrow是短暂性动词
I have learned a little about Japanese. (learn 是延续性动词现在完成时中用法（二）：
表示始于过去某时并一直延续到现在的动作或状态，常与表示始于过去某一时刻并一直延续到现在的时间状语连用。
如：They have lived in Nantong since 1990. (live 是延续性动词） Mr. Black has worked here since he came to China.(work 是延续性动词
I have learned English for two and a half years.(learn 是延续性动词
所以，在现在完成时中用法（二）中，在表示持续一段时间的句子中，应将短暂性动词转化为相同意义的延续性动词或状态动词。
初中英语中常见的有：结束性动词 go, leave, move arrive, come, reach join, become buy, get(得到 fall ill (asleep finish, end begin , start 延续性动词
be away (off, be out of be here , be in +某地 be in , be a (an + n. have be ill (asleep be over be on
begin to learn (work ,read，rain go out get up borrow get to know die lose 例如：
learn, work , read, rain be out be up keep know be dead be lost 1. His grandfather has died for ten years.(F His grandfather has been dead for ten years.(T 2. My brother has joined the army for five years.(F My brother has been in the army for five years.(T My brother has been an armyman for ten years.(F 3. He has gone away for a week.(F He has been away for a week.(T 4. The film has begun for fifteen minutes.(F The film has been on for fifteen minutes.(T 但是，短暂性动词的现在完成时的否定形式可以表示一种延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段的状语连用。如: （1）Mrs. Smith hasn't left her hometown for twenty years. 史密斯太太已有二十年没有离开家乡了。
(2 The little girl hasn't come to my home for a long time. 这个小孩已有好长时间没来我家了。
（3）I haven't borrowed the books from the library for two months. 我已有两个月没从这个图书馆借书了。
二．在When, while, as 引导的时间状语从句中短暂性动词与延续性动词的运用。
when, while, as 引导的时间状语从句都可表示"当……时"，但也有区别。 when可指一段时间，也可指一点时间，既可表示短暂性，一时性的动作，又可表示延续性的动作。由when引导的状语从句其谓语动词可以是延续性动词也可以是短暂性动词。

while只能表示延续性的动作或状态，不能表示一时性或短暂性的动作，引导的状语从句中谓语动词是延续性动词。
as所表示的动作与主句动作同时发生，具有延续的含义，一般同延续性动词连用。as 和 while 可译为“一边……一边……”，“正当……的时候”。例如：
(1 She came into the room when (while, as the meeting was going on.(go on 为延续性动词词语
正当开会的时候，他走进了房间。（指一段时间）
（2）When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you.(come是短暂性动词
她来的时候我会叫她等你的。（指一点时间，不能用while (3 I made many friends when (while I lived in Beijing. (live 是延续性动词
我住在北京时交了许多朋友。（指一段时间）
（4）While ( As Helen was reading , Jack was writing.(read是延续性动词
海伦阅读时，杰克在写东西。（指一段时间）
三。（not）...till / until句式中短暂性动词与延续性动词的运用。 till 和 until 这两个词的意思都是"直到……"，引导一个表示一端时间的状语，其后的介词宾语或从句表明这段时间的终点，用法相近，但在句首只能用until。在肯定句中，主句要用延续性动词；正在否定句中，until或till 可以和非延续性动词连用，这时, until和before 同义，not...until 和 not...before 意思相同，表示"直到......才","在.......以前不"。例如：（1）My father kept working in the office till (until twelve o'clock last night. 我父亲昨晚在办公室一直工作到十二点。
(2 I waited there till (until noon yesterday. 我昨天在那儿一直等到中午。
(3 She stood there till (until he had passed out of sight. (stand为延续性动词
她站在那里看着，直到望不见他的身影。
(4 He didn't go into the room until I returned.(go into 为短暂性动词
直到我回来他才进入房间。

(5 Until (不用tillhe had finished their homework, they didn't go home. 他们直到工作完成了才回家。(go home 是短暂性动词）
（6）We can not leave school until (till Saturday.(leave 是短暂性动词）
我们到周六才可离校。
（7）I didn't finish reading that story till (until yesterday. 我直到昨天才看完那个故事。（finish是短暂性动词）
另外，有些动词。既可用作延续性动词，也可用作非延续性动词，因此，其肯定式和否定式均与until或 till 连用，但表示的意义往往不同。
例如：He ate until it was dark.他吃饭一直吃到天黑。（eat为延续性动词
He didn't eat until it was dark. 他直到天黑才吃饭。（eat为短暂性动词）
四。在可以用How long 提问表示一段时间的句子中，谓语动作通常使用延续性动词。如：
（1）----How ling will the meeting last? The meeting will last two hours. (2 -----How long can I keep the book? You can keep the book for two weeks. (3 -----How long has she studied English? She has studied English for three years. (4 -----How long did his mother keep on working yesterday? -----His mother kept on working for six hours yesterday? 可以看出，这些句子中的谓语动词last, keep, study 都是延续性动词。

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