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英语语言学重点及问题总汇

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BasicNotionsinEnglishLinguistics
Chapter1Introduction
1.Whatislanguage?
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsforhumancommunication.2.Whataredesignfeaturesoflanguage?
Arbitrariness,duality,displacement,interchangeability,creativity,culturaltransmission
3.Whatisarbitrariness?
Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.4.Whatisdisplacement?
Languageisfreefrombarrierscausedbyseparationoftimeandplace.5.Whatisduality?
Languageisasystemconsistingoftwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevel(meaningsarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel(soundsandeachlevelhasitsownprinciplesoforganization.6.Whatiscreativity?
Languageuserscanunderstandandproduceaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences.
7.Whatisculturaltransmission?
Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.
8.Whatarethreegeneralfunctionsof
languageproposedbyHalliday?
Ideational,interpersonal,textual9.Whatislinguistics?
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.
10.Whataremainbranchesoflinguistics?Phonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatics11.Whatismacro-linguistics?
Thestudyoflanguageinrelationtootherdisciplines,e.g.sociolinguistics12.Whatisthedistinctionofprescriptiveanddescriptive?
Prescribewhatpeopleshouldsay,describewhatpeopleactuallyuse
13.Whatisthedistinctionofcompetenceandperformance?
Theidealuser’sknowledgeoflanguagerulesandtheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication14.Whatisthedistinctionofsynchronicanddiachronic?
Thestudyoflanguageintimeandthroughtime
15.Whatisthedistinctionofspeechandwriting?
Natural/primaryandinvented/secondarymediaofhumanlanguage16.Whatistraditionalgrammar?
Thegeneralapproachtraditionallyformedtothestudyoflanguage
Chapter2SpeechSounds
17.Whatarespeechsounds?
Meaningfulsoundsinhumanlinguisticcommunication18.Whatisphonetics?
Itstudiestheproduction,transmissionandperceptionofspeechsounds.

19.Whatarethreebranchesofphonetics?Articulatory,acoustic,auditory
20.Whatarethethreecavitiesinspeechproduction?
Oral,nasal,pharyngeal21.WhatisIPAshortfor?
1

InternationalPhoneticAlphabet22.WhatisthemainprincipleofIPA?
Thereshouldbeaseparateletterforeachdistinctivesoundinalllanguages.
23.Whatarebroadandnarrow
transcriptions?
Withletter-symbols(anddiacritics
24.Wheredoesthedistinctionliebetween
theproductionofvowelsandconsonants?
Theobstructionofairstreamintheoralcavity
25.Describetheconsonant[].
Voicedplacemanner26.Describethevowel[].
Highfrontlongrounded27.Whatisphonology?
Thestudyofsoundsystem,pattern28.Whatisaphoneme?
Anabstractphonologicalunitofdistinctivevalue29.Whatisallophony?
Thephenomenonofvariationinthepronunciationofphonemesindifferentphonologicalcontexts30.Whatisaminimalpair?
Apairofsoundsequencesidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentoccurringinthesameplaceinthestrings31.Whatisassimilation?
Aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound
32.Whataremajorsuprasegmentalfeatures?
Syllable,stress,tone,intonation33.WhatarethefourChinesetones?Level,rise,fall-rise,fall
34.Howdointonationsconveymeanings?Fallingindicatesastraight-forwardstatement,risingmakesaquestion,