当前位置：首页> 最新高中英语冠词专题讲解

最新高中英语冠词专题讲解

1. Biology is _______ .

A. science of life B. science of the life C. the science of the life D. the science of life

选D。像名词后有of结构引导的定语时，其前要用定冠词。life是“生命”的意思，是不可数名词，其前不用定冠词。 (译文：生物是研究关于生命的科学。)

2. The new procedure is _______ the old one.

A. great improvement to B. great improvements for C. a great improvement on D. the great improvement in

选C。抽象名词的意义如果表示实指，则通常要与冠词连用，如抽象名词前有描述性形容词来表示某一特殊情况，则要用不定冠词。(译文：新程序比旧程序有了很大进步。)

3. There is _______ behind the house.

A. a horse and a cart B. a horse and the cart C. horse and a cart D. a horse and cart

选D。两个单数名词成对表示一个物体时，只在第一个名词前加冠词。 (译文：房后有一套马车。)

4. Both _______took part in the game.

A. an old and a young B. old and young C. the old and young D. an old and young

选B。名词化的形容词前通常要加定冠词the，但在表示对比、关联概念的名词化的形容词前通常不用冠词。

(译文：年轻人和老年人都参加到这项运动中来了。)

5. He sat at the table, _______.

A. a cap on，the head down, and a book in hand B. cap on，head down and book in hand

C. a cap on，head down and a book in hand D. the cap on，the head down and a book in hand

选B。独立结构中的单数名词前不加冠词。 (译文：他坐在桌前，戴一顶帽子，低着头，手里拿着一本书。)

6. I think he must be _______ .

A. in the sixties B. in sixties C. at sixties D. in a forties

选A。数词的前面通常不用冠词,但在表示十的复数名词前通常要加定冠词。(译文：我想他一定六十多了。)

7. Mary caught_______last week, and she is suffering from now.

A. a bad cold； a pneumonia B. bad cold； pneumonia

C. a bad cold； pneumonia D. bad cold； a pneumonia

选C。表示疾病的专有名词前通常不用冠词，但在表示小疾病的名词前一般要用冠词，尤其是以-ache结尾的词前。 (译文：马丽上周得了重感冒，现在得了肺炎。)

８. His brother is_______ .

A. an actor and a singer B. an actor and singer C. actor and a singer D. actor and singer

选B。表示一个人的两种身份时只在第一个表身份的词前加冠词。 (译文：他哥哥既是演员又是歌唱家。)

9. Which do you like better，_______ or _______ ?

A. Hyde Park； People’s Park B. Hyde Park； the People’s Park

C. the Hyde Park； the People’s Park D. the Hyde Park； People’s Park

选B。公园、广场名前往往不用冠词，但如果是由普通名词构成的公园、广场名前往往要用定冠词。

(译文：海德公园和人民公园你更喜欢哪一个？)

10. Things of_______ come together， so do people_______ .

A. a kind； the mind B. the kind； the mind C. a kind； a mind D. the kind； a mind

选C。不定冠词可用来表示同一类的意思,如:things of a kind同类物；birds of a feather一丘之貉等。

(译文：物以类聚，人以群分。)

典型范例举要（代词）

1. - How many birds can you see in the sky? - _______.

A. None B. No one C. Not many ones D. No many

选A。 none 既可指人又可指物，可以用来作以how many 或how much 开头的问句的简略回答。

(译文：-你能看到天空中有几只鸟吗？-一只也看不到。)

2. The stout fellow over there is_______the great magician， Charlie Cheng， himself.

A. none other but B. no other than C. none other than D. no one but

选C。none other than表示“正是……”的意思。 (译文：那边那个壮汉正是魔术大师查理?琼本人。)

3. _______went on a picnic yesterday.

A. Tom， John and I B. Tom， John and me C. Tom， I and John D. I， Tom and John

选A。当I和其他名词或代词一起作主语或其他句子成分时，I总放在最后。

(译文：我和汤姆，约翰昨天去野餐了。)

4. The boy took off his gloves. _______ had a hole.

A. Every one B. Everyone C. Each one D. Any one

选C。 each用来指代两个或两个以上的人或物中的每一个，every 指代三个以上的人或物中的每一个。

(译文：那个男孩脱下他的手套，每只手套上都有个洞。)

5. _______of them did his best.

A. Every one B. Everyone C. Anyone D. Nobody

选A。不定代词anybody， someone等词后不能代有of短语作定语，在of短语前要用any one， every one这样的形式。 (译文：他们中每个人都尽了全力。)

6. Alone in a deserted house， he was so busy with his research work that he felt _______lonely.

A. nothing but B. anything but C. all but D. everything but

选B。anything but的意思是“根本不”。

(译文：他独自呆在一间僻静的房子里忙于他的研究工作，一点都不觉孤独。)

7. Water will continue to be_______ it is today-next in importance to oxygen.

A. how B. which C. as D. what

选D。what作连接代词。 (译文：水将仍然处于今天所占的重要地位---其重要性仅次于氧。)

８. _______ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by science fiction.

A. Everybody B. Anybody C. Somebody D. Nobody

选D。nobody can help but 的意思是“任何人不能不”，相当于anybody can’t help but。

(译文：任何人都不能不为科幻小说把人所带入的世界着迷。)

9. Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _______directed.

A. like B. so C. which D. as

选D。as为关系代词，as directed=as are directed。(译文：调查表明50％的患者不按说明服药。)

10. Even if they are on sale， these refrigerators are equal in price to， if not more expensive than，___at the other store.

A. anyone B. the other C. that D. the ones

选D。ones用来代替前文出现的冰箱，避免重复，又因特指那家商店的冰箱，故要加定冠词。

(译文：即使是在削价，这些冰箱的价格与另一家商店的冰箱价格相同。)

典型范例举要（数词）

1. John arrived at the theater just before the end of _______ .

A. the act second B. act second C. Act Two D. the act two

选C。 Act Two第二幕。 (译文：约翰正好在第二幕结束前到达剧院。)

2. He drives_______ .

A. car forty-five B. the forty-five car C. forty-five car D. car four five

选A。两位数字的编码应按基数词读出。(译文：他驾驶四十五号车。)

3. The professor told me to write a _______ report.

A. five-thousand-word B. five-thousand-words

C. five-thousand word D. five-thousands-words

选A。数词和名词构成复合形容词时，一般中间要加连字符，且都要用单数的形式。

(译文：教授让我写一篇五千字的报告。)

4. As a matter of fact， Saudi Arabia’s reserves_______those of Kuwait.

A. come second following B. come second with

C. are only second to D. are second only to

选D。be second only to 的意思是“仅次于”。 (译文：实际上沙特阿拉伯的石油储量仅次于科威特。)

5. What date is it?

It’s _______ .

A. June twentieth-second B. of June twenty-second

C. the twenty-second of June D. the twentieth-second of June

选C。在表示几月几日时，日期要用序数词。形式通常为：月份+the 日期，或the 日期 of 月份。

(译文：今天几号？六月二十二日。)

典型范例举要（动词）

1. In what ________to a last minute stay of execution， a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.

A. applies B. account C. attaches D. amounts

选D。 apply to适用于，account to 对……做出解释，attach to归属于，amount to相当于。

(译文：相当于最后的缓刑，委员会宣布用紧急拨款来保证两颗已使用多年的卫星继续运转。)

2. I don’t think it’s wise of you to ________ your great knowledge in front of the director， for it may offend him.

A. show up B. show out C. show in D. show off

选D。show up出席，show out领某人出去，show in领某人进入，show off炫耀、卖弄。

(译文：我想你最好不要在主任面前卖弄你特别有学问，那样可能会冒犯他。)

3. Can I borrow your pen. I ________ mine at home.

A. forgot B. left C. put D. set

选B。把……落在某个地方要用动词leave。 (译文：我能借一下你的钢笔吗？我把我的落在家了。)

4. I can’t ________ what has happened to the vegetables， for they were freshly picked this morning.

A. figure out B. draw out C. look out D. work out

选A。 figure out估计，推测，draw out拔出， look out小心，work out算出，制定出。

(译文：我估计不出那些菜怎么了，它们是今天早上才新摘的。)

5. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change， or causes the energy to ________in some form.

A. give off B. put out C. set off D. use up

选A。 give off释放出(光、能等)， put out熄灭，set off动身；引发，use up用尽。

(译文：每一个化学变化要么是由于其他能量产生变化引起，要么是引起某种形式的能量释放。)

6. She refused to ________the car keys to her husband until he had promised to wear his safety belt.

A. hand in B. hand out C. hand down D. hand over

选D。hand in递交；hand out分配，施舍；hand down传递；hand over交出，移交。

(译文：她拒绝把车钥匙交给她丈夫，除非他系上安全带。)

7. The earth brings________ large crops every year for the sustenance of man and beast.

A. up B. forth C. out D. round

选B。bring up抚养，教育，bring forth生产，产出，bring out出版，bring round使……苏醒。

(译文：土地每年产出大量农作物供人畜食用。)

８. He caught me ________just now with a question.

A. out B. up C. on D. at

选A。catch sb. out抓住某人的短处使无言以答， catch sb. up赶上某人，catch on明白，catch at试图把握。

(译文：他刚才问的问题难住我了。)

9. His face gives him ________ when he tells a lie.

A. over B. in C. off D. away

选D。 give over移交，交出， give in 投降，屈服，give off，发出，散发，give away 泄漏，暴露。

(译文：当他撒谎时，他的表情会出卖他。)

10. He said he would help me，but he always went________his promise.

A. along with B. off C. down D. back on

选D。 go along with sth. 赞同某事，go off，爆炸，go down 下降，go back on sth.违背，不履行。

(译文：他说他会帮我，可总说话不算数。)

典型范例举要（情态动词）

1. You ________yesterday if you were really serious about the job.

A. ought to come B. ought to be coming C. ought to have come D. ought have come

选C。 should+现在完成时可表示本该做而没做的事，表达劝告或责备的含义。本句中ought to =should，ought to have come表达责备的含义。 (译文：如果你真的对待工作严肃的话，你昨天就该来。)

2. My wallet is nowhere to be found. I ________when I was on the bus.

A. must drop it B. should have dropped it C. must have dropped it D. had dropped it

选C。 must+现在完成时表示对过去事情较肯定的推测。

(译文：到处也找不到我的钱包，肯定是掉在车上了。)

3. John ________ be in the classroom because I saw him in the library just now.

A. mustn’t B. isn’t able to C. can’t D. may not

选C。 mustn’t表示“禁止、不许”的意思，isn’t able to表示主观能力方面的“不能”，may not表示“可能不”，而这句话表达“不可能”的意思，can’t 可表此意义。 (译文：约翰不可能在教室，我刚刚看见他在图书馆。 )

4. ________my guest have forgotten my address?

A.　Might B.　May C.　Could D.　Would

选C。can／could+完成时表示推测时，只用于否定或疑问句中。may／might+完成时不用于疑问句中，主要用于肯定句中。 (译文：客人是不是把我的地址忘了？)

5. As it turned out to be a small house party， we ________so formally.

A. needn’t dress up B. did not have dressed up C. did not need dress up D. needn’t have dressed up

选D。needn’t have+过去分词表示过去本来不是必须要做但已经做了的事。

(译文：那个聚会原来是个小型的家庭聚会，我们原本不必穿得那么正式。)

6. If you don’t like to swim， you ________ stay at home.

A. should as well B. may as well C. can as well D. would as well

选B。may as well为固定短语，意思是“不妨”。(译文：如果你不想去游泳，你不妨呆在家里。)

7. Go straight into the cave and find out what’s in there，________ ?

A. don’t you B. do you C. will you D. can you

选C。祈使句构成反意疑问句时，通常在句尾加will you。(译文：径直走进洞里去看看里面有什么，好吗？)

８. I want to go to the dentist， but you ________ with me.

A. need not to go B. do not need go C. need not go D. need go not

选C。needn’t表示“不必”。 (译文：我想去看牙医，但你不必和我一起去。)

9. No one ________that to his face.

A.　dare to say B.　dare says C.　dares saying D.　dare say

选D。 dare 做情态动词后面应跟动词原形。(译文：没人敢当面和他说那事。)

10. A car stopped on the highway. It ________ out of gas.

A. may not run B. may have run C. must run D. ought to run

选B。may／might have+过去分词表示“或许已经发生了某事”。

(一辆车停在高速路上，可能是汽油用完了。)

典型范例举要

一、用动词的正确形式填空：

1. He _______ (be) eighteen next year.

填will be。 next year为表示将来时态的时间状语，本句所描述的是随时间发展会自然发生的事，故不能用be going to 的形式。 (译文：他明年就十八了。)

2. It _______ (rain) every day so far this month.

填has rained。so far是“到目前为止”的意思，常和现在完成时搭配使用。

(译文：到目前为止，这个月天天下雨。)

3. Mozart _______ (write) more than 600 pieces of music.

填wrote。Mozart (莫扎特)是已去世的音乐家，故应使用过去时。 (译文：莫扎特写了六百多首乐曲。)

4. If it _______ (rain) tomorrow，we’ll have to stay at home.

填rains。在条件状语从句中，要用一般现在时表示将来发生的事情。

(译文：如果明天下雨，我们就不得不呆在家里。)

5. I _______ (go) to the shopping center. Do you want to go with me?

填 am going。表示打算干什么通常要用be going to do 的形式，而某些特殊动词可直接用be doing的形式，如go，come，arrive等。 (译文：我要去购物中心，你想和我一起去吗？)

6. How fast _______ he _______ (drive) when the accident happened?

填was...driving。表示过去某一时刻发生的动作要用过去进行时。(译文：车祸发生时他的车速是多少？)

7. You _______ (always，watch) TV. You should do something more active.

填are always watching。现在进行时和always连用可以表示责怪或抱怨。

(译文：你总是在看电视，你应该做些更积极主动的事情。)

８. This is the second time that I _______ (be) to Paris.

填have been。在一些固定句型中，如：This／That／It is the first(second，third etc.) time + that从句；This is (one of) the +最高级+名词+that从句；This is the only +名词+that 从句，这些从句中的时态要用现在完成时。

(译文：这是我第二次去巴黎。)

9. By the time Mr. Smith left school，he _______ (teach) that course for twenty-five years.

填had taught。句中有by(the time ／the end of)+表示过去时间的短语或句子的时间状语时，主语的谓语应用过去完成时。(译文：史密斯先生离开学校时，他已教了二十五年那门课了。)

10.Perhaps he _______ (finish) reading the book by this time tomorrow.

填will have finished。句中有by(the time ／the end of)+表示未来某一时间的短语或句子的时间状语时，主语的谓语应用将来完成时。(译文：他可能明天这个时候就能读完那本书。)

二、选择填空：

1. Look at the clouds. _______ .

A. It’ll rain B. It’s going to rain C. It’ll be raining D. It is to rain

选B。be going to 可以用来表示已有迹象表明要发生或即将发生的且不受人的意志控制的事情。

(译文：看那些黑云，天要下雨了。)

2. -I wish your sister would come to visit me.

-I’ll tell her when I _______ her.

A. see B. saw C. will see D. would see

选A。在时间或条件状语从句中，要用一般现在时表示将来发生的事情。

(译文：-我希望你姐姐能来看我。-我一见到她就转告她。)

3. If you _______ quiet，I’ll tell you what happened.

A. will be B. are C. are to be D. be

选A。在时间或条件状语从句中，要用一般现在时来表示将来发生的事情。但如果if 条件句的谓语表示一种愿望时，则要用will+动词原形，此时，will为情态动词，表示愿望。

(译文：如果你们愿意安静下来，我就告诉你们出了什么事。)

4. My uncle _______ in Shanghai for the past two years.

A. is living B. lives C. has lived D. lived

选C。句中有for+表示时间段的状语时时态要用现在完成时。(译文：过去的两年来我叔叔一直住在上海。)

5. When she graduates from the university this summer，Mary _______ here for four years.

A. will be studying B. will have studied C. will study D. studies

选B。句中有when，after等加上表示将来时间的句子的时间状语时，主句谓语要用将来完成时。

(译文：到今年夏天玛丽大学毕业，她就将在这里学习了四年了。)

典型范例举要（被动语态）

1. The construction of the library_______before the end of next month.

A. must have completed B. must have been completed C. must be completed D. must complete

选C。含有情态动词的被动语态的构成为：情态动词+be+过去分词。

(译文：到下月底图书馆的修建必须完工。)

2. The subject of these lectures _______ by the lecture committee.

A. announces B. have been announced C. announced D. has been announced

选D。现在完成时的被动语态的构成为：have been+过去分词。

(译文：这些讲座的课题已由讲座委员会宣布了。)

3. My pictures _______ until next week.

A. won’t develop B. aren’t developing C. don’t develop D. won’t be developed

选D。一般将来时的被动语态的构成为：will be+过去分词，其否定形式为：will not be+过去分词，缩略形式为：won’t be+过去分词。 (译文：我的照片要到下周才能冲洗出来。)

4. They _______ so that we wouldn’t recognize them.

A. costumed B. disguised C. were disguising D. were disguised

选D。一般过去时的被动语态的构成为：was／were+过去分词。

(译文：为了不让我们认出来，他们伪装了起来。)

5. All the apparatus _______ before the experiment began.

A. had been prepared B. were prepared C. had been prepared D. had prepared

选C。过去完成时的被动语态的构成为：had been+过去分词。

(译文：所有的器械在实验开始前就已经准备好了。)

6. The world’s supplies of copper _______ .

A. have been gradually being exhausted B. has gradually exhausted

C. are gradually exhausted D. are being gradually exhausted

选D。现在进行时的被动语态的构成为：are／is／am being+过去分词。

(译文：世界的铜资源正在逐渐被耗尽。)

7. The goods _______ when we arrived at the airport.

A. were just unloading B. were just being unloaded

C. had just unloaded D. were just been unloaded

选B。过去进行时的被动语态的构成为：was／were being+过去分词。

(译文：我们到机场时正在卸货物。)

８. Tom _______ the best student in his class.

A. regards B. regards as C. has regarded as D. is regarded as

选D。主谓宾补结构的句子如果补语由as引出，则其被动结构为：被动语态+as+补语；如果补语由to be引出，则其被动结构为：被动语态+to be+补语，有时to be 可以省去。

(译文：汤姆被认为是班里最好的学生。)

9. He _______ in the next room.

A. is often heard to sing B. often heard to sing

C. is often heard sing D. is often hearing to sing

选A。含有使役动词或感官动词(如：make， let， see， watch， notice， hear， observe等)+宾语+动词原形的结构的被动形式为：be+使役动词或感官动词的过去分词+to+动词原形，注意动词原形前必须有to。

(译文：人们经常能听到他在隔壁屋子里唱歌。)

10. The sports meeting _______ because of the bad weather.

A. put off B. was put off C. was putted off D. has put off

选B。动词+副词的动词词组的被动形式为：be+过去分词+副词。

(译文：运动会因天气不好被取消了。)

典型范例举要

1. I _______ try it again if I_______you.

A. will； am B. should； am C. would； were D. would； had been

选C。表示与现在事实相反的假设(指现在的假设)。

(译文：如果我是你，我会再试一次。)

2. If it _______ not for the water， the plants _______live.

A. were； would not B. is； could not C. were； could D. did； could not

选A。表示与现在事实相反的假设(指现在的假设)。

(译文：要是没有水，植物就不能存活。)

3. If I _______ that chance to show my ability， I _______the president of this school.

A. have not had； could not become B. had not had； would not have become

C. did not have； could not become D. doesn’t have； will not become

选B。表示与过去事实相反的假设(指过去的假设)。

(译文：如果我没有那次机会表现我的能力，我就当不上那所中学的校长。)

4. He _______ by that burglar if you _______ to save him.

A. might have been killed； hadn’t come B. will be killed； didn’t come

C. may be killed； did’t come D. could be killed； haven’t come

选A。表示与过去事实相反的假设(指过去的假设)。

(译文：要不是你来救他，他早就被那个窃贼杀了。)

5. If it _______for your help， I _______that hard time with so little money.

A. were not； would not spend B. is not； can not spend

C. had not been； would not have spent D. have not been； will not spend

选C。表示与过去事实相反的假设(指过去的假设)。

(译文：要没有你的帮忙，我那点儿钱是无法度过那段艰苦岁月的。)

6. Where _______ you go if war _______?

A. will； breaks out B. do； will break out

C. would； were to break out D. will； is to break out

选C。表示与将来事实相反的假设。

(译文：要是战争爆发了，你会上哪儿去？)

7. If your teacher _______this matter next week， she _______ blame you.

A. could know； will B. knew； would C. knew； will D. knows； may

选B。表示与将来事实相反的假设。

(译文：如果下周老师知道了这件事，她会责怪你的。)

８. _______he fail in this exam， he _______ very sad.

A. If； is B. If； will be C. Should； will be D. Should； would be

选D。should (were， had) 置于主语前(if的省略)。

(译文：要是考试不及格，他会难过的。)

9. She wishes she _______ that humiliating thing.

A. doesn’t do B. didn’t do C. haven’t done D. hadn’t done

选D。虚拟语气用于宾语从句。

(译文：她真希望自己没有做过那件丢脸的事情。)

10. If only I _______ that beautiful skirt to put on.

A. had B. have C. has D. could have

选A。省去结果主句的非真实条件句。

(译文：我要是能穿上那件漂亮的裙子就好了！)

11. The house looked as if no one _______ in it.

A. lived B. had lived C. could live D. lives

选B。虚拟语气用于as if引导的从句。

(译文：那间房子看上去没人住过。)

12. The chairman suggested that the meeting _______ put off.

A. can be B. be C. is D. will be

选B。虚拟语气用于表示“建议”等意义的动词后。

(译文：主席建议会议延期举行。)

13. It is vital that he _______ immediately.

A. should go B. must go C. goes D. went

选A。虚拟语气用于主语从句(It is ／ was + 形容词 + that 引导的分句)。

(译文：他应该马上去，这很重要。)

14. It is time we _______do our homework.

A. begin to B. can begin to C. began to D. will begin to

选C。虚拟语气用于定语从句It is time (that)...句型。

(译文：我们该开始做作业了。)

典型范例举要

一、选择题

1. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly_______. (NETEM 1997)

A. noticed B. to be noticed C. being noticed D. to notice

选B。 to be noticed， notice 与difference是动宾关系，so...as to后接动词不定式。注意few指difference，只能用被动，而不能选D.

(译文：英国英语和美国英语在词汇和语法上差别很少，几乎注意不到。)

2. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time _______ the last bus. (NETEM 1998)

A. to have caught B. to catch C. catching D. having caught

选B。 to catch，不定式作定语。have time to do sth.(有时间做某事)，而have time doing sth.(有时间做过某事)。注意不能选A. to have caught，不定式完成时表示动作已先行发生，但本句后半部分讲没来得及赶上，可见catch bus这个行动尚未发生，所以不能选用完成时。

(译文：昨晚我在办公室工作得太晚了，没来得及赶上末班车。)

3. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about _______compliments to his political leaders. (NETEM 1999)

A. paying B. having paid C. to pay D. to have paid

选C。 to pay， be about to do sth. 是惯用句型，表示“正要(即将)做某事”。不可以用完成时，be not about to do sth.在美国可表示“不愿”或“不打算”。

(译文：马林是个爱独立思考的年轻人，他不打算去吹捧他的政治领导人。)

4. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports， each_______one major pointing contrast with the other. (NETEM 1996)

A. makes B. made C. is to make D. making

选D。 making，是分词独立结构，在句中作伴随状语。从结构上讲，分词making的逻辑主语each与句子的主语the article不相一致。从意义上讲，each分词独立结构是对前面的two news reports 进一步地阐明，使句子意思更完整。

(译文：本文开头和结尾是有关两篇新闻报导，一篇和另一篇在一个主要问题上有明显的差异。)

5. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society，_______ insufficiently popular with all members. (NETEM 199８)

A. being considered B. considering

C. to be considered D. having considered

选A。 being considered，分词作状语用。B和D是主动语态，而consider与逻辑主语He是受动关系，“由于被认为是”，所以B和D被排除。

(译文：人们认为他与成员关系不好，因而没要他出任社团主席职务。)

6. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone _______ to the system， so does the value of computer system increase with each programm that turns out. (NETEM 1997)

A. adding B. to have added C. to add D. added

选D。 added，分词作定语，说明each new phone。不能选A，因为phone与动词add是受动关系，即phone is added. 电话本身无法主动。

(译文：电话系统作用日益增大，这是随着每部新电话加入网络系统所致，同样，计算机的作用也随着新程序出现而扩大了。)

7. It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes _______place in our ever-changing world. (NETEM 1999)

A. taking B. to take C. take D. taken

选A。 taking，现在分词作定语，修饰前面的vague changes。如用taken表被动，不行。用to take语法上似乎可以但语义上错误，因其表示将来发生的事，而句意表示正在变化的世界。

(译文：人们很容易抱怨由于现代生活节奏和日益变化的世界中发生的莫名其妙的变化减少了人们之间的交流活动。)

８. Although he’s a teenager， Fred could resist _______ what to do and what not to do.(NETEM 1998)

A. to be told B. having been told C. being told D. to have been told

选C。 being told， resist要求动名词作宾语。不能选B，这里讲的是一般的事实，不是特指某次具体行为，不涉及完成时。

(译文：虽然佛雷德还是一个十几岁的孩子，可是能够抵制别人要他干什么或不干什么。)

9. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures that the assertion about economic recovery _______ just around the corner was untrue. (NETEM 1999)

A. would be B. to be C. was D. being

选D。 being， economic recovery being just around the corner是带逻辑主语的动名词短语，作about的介词宾语。

(译文：任何一个只要留心一下失业人数的人都可以了解，那种关于经济很快复苏的断言是错的。)

10. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free， owing to its always _______with other

elements， most commonly with oxygen. (NETEM 1997)

A. combined B. having combined C. combine D. being combined

选D。 being combined， it’s being combined 是带逻辑主语的动名词短语，作复合介词owing to的宾语。

(译文：在自然界没有地方能发现游离的铝，由于它总是与其它的元素化合在一起，最常见的是与氧化合在一起。)

二、辨错题

1. As the children become financially independent of the family， the emphasis on family

A B C

Cfinancial security will shift from protection to save for the retirement years. (NETEM 1999) D

D错。应改为to saving。shift from...to...(从…….转移到……)中，to是介词，而不是不定式符号，因此后接动名词。

(译文：由于孩子们经济上独立了，所以，家庭在经济保障方面就从抚养孩子转向退休后的生活备用花费。)

2. According to Darwin， random changes that enhance a species’s ability for surviving are

A B C

naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generations. (NETEM 199８)

B错。应改为to survive。ability要求不定式作定语，the ability to do sth. 做某事的能力。句中succeeding是现在分词作定语，意为“接替的，继承的”。

(译文：达尔文认为，强化物种生存能力的随意变化是自然的选择，而且传给后代。)

3. Neither rain nor snow keeps the postman from delivering our letters which we so much

A B C

look forward to receive. (NETEM 199８)

D错。应改为receiving。Look forward to 后接名词或动名词。

(译文：邮递员送信是风雨无阻的，我们非常盼望能收到信函。)

4. Some bosses dislike to allow people to share their responsibilities； they keep all important

A B C

matters tightly in their own hands. (NETEM 1996)

A错。应改为allowing。虽然dislike后边可以接不定式和动名词，但二者的意义是有区别的，用动名词往往表示一般的情况，用不定式往往表示特指的某次情况。本句讲的是一般情况，应用动名词。

(译文：某些老板不喜欢别人也负担一些责任，而是把全部重要的事情都严格控制在自己手中。)

5. The more than 50，000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than

A B

ample destroying every city in the world several times over. (NETEM 1998)

C D

C错。应改为to destroy。ample(足够的，充分的)后面接动词不定式，类似于enough to do sth.

(译文：如今各国控制的五万多套核武器足以用来摧毁世界上所有的城市。)

6. In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound-produced ability，organizing two

A B

sounds delivered at a high rate as one call. (NETEM 1997)

C D

A错。应改为sound-producing，名词sound和分词producing在逻辑上是动宾关系，所以必须用producing。

(译文：用这种方式，这些昆虫能充分使用它们的发声能力，把高速传送的两种声音汇合成叫声。)

7. The universe works in a way so far remove from what common sense would allow that words of

A B C

any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it. (NETEM 199８)

A错。应改为removed。removed是过去分词作定语，修饰way。so...that...前后呼应，that引导结果状语从句。

(译文：宇宙运行的方式与普通常识所论相距甚远，因此任何语言文字也不足以把它解释清楚。)

８. Because of the recent accidents， our parents forbid my brother and me from swimming in the river

A B

unless someone agrees to watch over us.

C D

B错。应改为to swim。forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事。

(译文：由于最近的几起事故，我的父母不许我的弟弟和我去河里游泳，除非有人同意照看我们。)

9. To listen to fine music and having stimulating conversation with good friends are two pleasures in life.

A B C D

B错。应改为to have。having是v-ing形式，这和前边的to listen to 不相并列，换成to have共为句子的主语部分，语法上我们称之为“平行结构”(Parallelism)。

(译文：听着美妙的音乐或与好友激情的谈话，是人生两大乐事。)

10. In recent times， the invention which has most changed the face of the world，most influenced

A B

the industrial development of the world， and most affecting its culture is the automobile.

C D

C错。应改为affected。句子中which has most changed...， most influenced...， and most

affected...都是谓语部分，分词的主被动形式用错。

(译文：在近代，改变世界面貌最大的、影响世界工业发展最强烈的以及影响世界文化最深远的发明是汽车。)

典型范例举要

1. This is one of _______ interesting books on your subject.

A. the most B. the most of the C. most D. most of the

选A。the most interesting 构成形容词的最高级形式。

(译文：这是关于你所学的学科的最有用的书之一。)

2. It was_______ a hundred people looked lost in it.

A. so large a room that B. so a large room

C. such large a room that D. a such large room

选A。如果用such，many，rather，as， so，too等词来修饰带有形容词的单数名词时，这些词要放在不定冠词之前。如：rather a failure 相当的一次失败；many a book 许多书；as large a room 同样大的一个房间。

(译文：这个房间如此之大，一百个人在里面都觉得很空。)

3. The girl looks _______.But now she is looking at the man.

A. beautifully / angrily B. beautiful / angrily

C. beautiful / angry D. beautifully / angry

选B。第一个look是系动词，后面应跟形容词，第二个look是实义动词，后面应跟副词。

(译文：那个姑娘看起来很漂亮，但她现在正生气地看着那个男人。)

4. Most doctors recognize that medicine is _______.

A. an art as much it is a science

B. much an art as it is a science

C. as an art as it is a science

D. as much an art as it is a science

选D。同级比较可用as+形容词原级+a／an+可数名词单数+as。

(译文：许多医生意识到医学既是一门科学，也是一门艺术。)

5. _______the two， John is_______student.

A. Of； more diligent B. In； more diligent

C. Of； the more diligent D. In； the more diligent

选C。两者之间比较时可用the+形容词比较级+of短语。

(译文：在这两个人中，约翰是比较勤奋的一个。)

6. The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxurious than _______ .

A. is necessary B. being necessary

C. to be necessary D. it is necessary

选A。than在句中可看作关系代词，作is necessary 的主语。

(译文：室内游泳池没有必要，似乎太奢侈了。)

7. It is better to die on one’s feet than _______.

A. living on one’s knees B. live on one’s knees

C. on one’s knees D. to live on one’s knees

选D。than引导两个比较对象时结构应对称，than前用to die on one’s feet，所以后面也应该用不定式形式。

(译文：站着死要强过跪着活。)

８. I felt that I was not yet _______ to travel abroad.

A. too strong B. strong enough

C. so strong D. enough strong

选B。enough修饰形容词时应放在形容词之后。too...to...结构用在本句意思不对。

(译文：我觉得我还不够强壮，不能出国旅行。)

9. He is more diligent than _______ in his class.

A. all the students B. anyone

C. any other student D. everyone

选C。使用比较级时，注意不要将被比的对象和其自身相比。any other one，其他任何一个人。

(译文：他比他班上其他任何一个人都勤奋。)

10. This is _______that.

A. the most superior than B. more superior than

C. superior than D. superior to

选D。superior本身就含有比较意义，其后不能接than，要用to与之呼应。这样的词还有：prior，inferior，junior，senior，posterior等。

(译文：这个比那个好。)

典型范例举要

1. Staying in a hotel costs_______renting a room in a dormitory for a week.

A. twice more than B. twice as much as

C. as much twice as D. as much as twice

选B。as many／much as前可加状语half，twice，three times等。

(译文：在旅店住一周比在宿舍住一周要多花二倍的钱。)

2. I cannot thank you _______much of your kindness， I owe my succeed to you.

A. so B. very C. as D. too

选D。cannot...too...时“无论怎样也不过分”的意思。

(译文：我无论怎样感谢你都不过分，我的成功归功于你。)

3. The boy wore a suit _______ large for him.

A. much too B. very much C. too much D. many too

选A。much可用来进一步说明too large的程度。

(译文：这个男孩穿了一件对他来说过于大的套装。)

4. You can speak _______in front of him，but you can’t eat _______ in his restaurant.

A. freely／freely B. free／freely

C. freely／free D. free／free

选C。freely，自由地，直率地；free免费。

(译文：你可以在他面前自由地说话，但你不能在他的饭店免费吃饭。)

5. Tom will not be at the picnic，_______to the family’s disappointment.

A. much B. more C. too much D. much more

选A。much常用于to one’s disappointment / joy/ surprise／delight 等结构前，加强语气。

(译文：令全家人失望的是汤姆不来参加野餐。)

6. Frank plays _______Alex.

A. a lot more better than B. much more better than

C. a lot better than D. much more well than

选C。a lot可用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级，此外，much，far，still，even等也可修饰形容词和副词的比较级。

(译文：弗兰克打得比亚历克斯好得多。)

7. A palindrome is a word， sentence or set of sentences that spells_______.

A. the same backward as forward B. backward as same as forward

C. backward as the similarity as forward D. backward the same as forward

选A。当same用于as...as...结构中时，要变成the same as的形式。

(译文：回文是指一个字、一句话或几句话正读反读都一样。)

８. The harder they worked，_______.

A. they seem to do less B. the less they seemed to do

C. they were doing less D. they did less

选B。“The+比较级....，the+比较级....”表示“越……越……”。

(译文：他们越是努力工作，似乎越是显得做得不够。)

典型范例举要

1. It’s usually quiet here _______Sunday morning.

A. on B. in C. at D. the

选A。在morning，afternoon，evening，night 前或后有定语时通常用介词on。

(译文：星期天的早晨这里通常很安静。)

2. We came home _______.

A. last week B. on last week C. in last week D. at last week

选A。表时间的词前如有this，that，these，those，next，last，every等词，则不再要介词。

(译文：我们上周回的家。)

3. A bear appeared _______the tree.

A. from B. from behind C. out D. till after

选B。本题属于双介词使用，常用的双介词有：from among，from behind，from under，till after 等。

(译文：一只熊从树后出来。)

4. Although we feel dissatisfied with the election results，we have to become reconciled _______the decision made by our fellow countryman.

A. for B. on C. to D. in

选C。be reconciled to...“顺从于；听从于”。

(译文：虽然我们不满意选举结果，但我们不得不顺从同胞们的决定。)

5. I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school _______twenty years ago.

A. about B. since C. till D. with

选B。be at school with sb.与某人同校。

(译文：我一直与一个二十年前同校的姑娘保持着友谊。)

6. It is believed that today’s pop music can serve as a creative force _______stimulating the thinking of its listeners.

A. with B. by C. on D. at

选B。by doing sth.“通过……方式、手段”。

(译文：人们认为流行音乐可以通过刺激听众的思维而成为一种创造性的力量。)

7. The membership card entitled him _______certain privileges in the club.

A. on B. in C. at D. to

选D。entitle sb. to sth.“使某人有得到某物的权利”。

(译文：这张会员卡使他在这个俱乐部中享有某些特权。)

８. The children prefer camping in the mountains_______an indoor activity.

A. to B. than C. for D. with

选A。prefer A to B，“与B相比更喜欢A”。

(译文：比起户内活动孩子们更喜欢在山里宿营。)

9. _______all our kindness to help him，he refused to listen to us.

A. At B. For C. In D. On

选B。for all 为固定搭配，意思是“尽管……”。

(尽管我们好意帮他，但他拒绝听我们的话。)

10. Although I had invited to the opening ceremony，I was unable to attend _______such short notice.

A. to B. at C. with D. on

选B。at short notice，“(没有准备)突然(做某事)，仓促间”。

(译文：尽管我被邀请参加开幕式，但时间仓促我没能去。)

典型范例举要

一、指出下列句子中的连词及其种类

1. Would you like tea or coffee?

(or简单连词)(译文：你想要茶还是咖啡?)

2. I’ll tell you as soon as I know.

(as soon as短语连词)(译文：我一知道就告诉你。)

3. Seeing that she is much younger， we’d better not blame her too much.

(seeing分词连词)(译文：鉴于她年轻得多，我们最好别责怪她。)

4. Neither Tom nor his wife likes football.

(neither... nor...并列连词)(译文：汤姆和他妻子都不喜欢足球。)

5. Provided no one is against， we’ll pass it.

(provided分词连词)(译文：假如没人反对，我们就将通过了。)

二、选择填空

1. They lost their way in the forest and_______made matters worse was that night began to fall.

A. that B. it C. what D. which

选C 。what为连接代词，引导主语从句。

(译文：他们在森林里迷路了，更糟糕的是天黑下来了。)

2. Earthworms occur_______adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found.

A. and B. but C. however D. wherever

选D。wherever引导地点状语从句。

(译文：在温度适当、食物充足和土质适宜的地方都可以找到蚯蚓。)

3. You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting _______ you don’t mind taking the night train.

A. provided B. unless C. though D. until

选A。provided引导条件状语从句。

(译文：如果你不介意坐夜车，你就能早一点到北京参加会议。)

4. _______ to New York， her father has not heard from her.

A. Because she went B. After she went C. When she went D. Since she went

选D。since引导时间状语从句。

(译文：自从她去纽约以来，她父亲还没收到她的信。)

5. -I thought he hated the TV.

-You are right，_______he still watches the program.

A. yet B. beside C. also D. then

选A。yet表转折。

(译文：“我想他讨厌看电视。”“是的，不过他还是在看节目。”)

典型范例举要

一、选择题

1. He claims to be an expert in astronomy， but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject，_______ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate. (NETEM 1997)

A. what little B. so much C. how much D. so little

选A。 what little 在此引出的是主语从句，他的谓语是is out of，这样就排除了B和D，因为它们无法引导从句，用C虽然语法上讲得通，但意思不通。

(译文：他宣称自己是天文学家，但事实上对此了解甚少，而且他所知道的那点东西既不准确而又过时。)

2. California has more light than it knows_______to do with but everything else is expensive. (NETEM 1999)

A. how B. what C. which D. where

选B。 do with 多与what连用，意为“(怎样)处理，安排，办”，常有较灵活的译法。如：I forget what I did with his letter. (我忘了我是怎么处理他的信的。)

(译文：加利福尼亚的阳光非常非常的充足(即到了不知怎么用的程度)，但是别的东西却很贵。)

3. Water will continue to be _______ it is today-next in importance to oxygen. (NETEM 1992)

A. how B. which C. as D. what

选D。 what 引导的从句作be的表语。

4. As for the winter， it is inconvenient to be cold， with most of_______ furnace fuel is

allowed saved for the dawn. (NETEM 1993)

A. what B. that C. which D. such

选A。 what意为“the...which...”，因此with引导的分词独立结构可理解为with most of the furnace fuel which is allowed saved for the dawn，其中which is allowed 是定语从句，修饰most of the furnace fuel。saved是过去分词，与most of the furnace fuel构成逻辑上的动宾关系。

(译文：至于冬天，天气很冷人们非常不方便，因此把所拨给的大部分燃料节省下来留着黎明时使用。)

5. Sometimes we are asked _______ we think the likely result of an action will be.

A. that B. whether C. what D. which

选C。 what 作连接代词，引导宾语从句，在从句中作表语。we think是插入句。

二、改错

1. It is estamate that a round trip flight to Mars would take more than a year and a half.

(应改为estimated)

(译文：据估计，乘飞机往返火星可能需要一年半多的时间。) (TOEFL 1973.1) (it形式主语的被动习惯用法)

2. The reason why I resent you is that you are dishonest.

(原题选择答案的干扰项之一为because you are dishonest)

(译文：我怨恨你的原因是你不诚实。) (TOEFL 1977.12) (that 引导表语从句)

3. It is believe that the first cheese was probably made more than 4，000 years ago by nomadic tribes in Asia.

(应改为believed)

(译文：人们认为，最早的奶酪可能是4，000多年前由亚洲的一些游牧部落制作的。)(TOEFL 1999.1)

4.Whenever we watch an exciting television program，the main worry of my sister is why the

A B C

advertisement will break in before or after the big rescue scene.

C错。应改为that。That引导表语从句。break in意为“打断……而插入”。

典型范例举要

一、选择题

1. Most electronic devices of this kind，_______ manufactured for such purposes，are tightly packed.

A. that are B. as are C. which is D. it is

选B。 as 作关系代词，引导定语从句，表示和先行词同类的事物。

(译文：为了这个用途而制造的大部分此种电气装置，包装都很牢固。)

2. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems，_______obtaining water is not the least. (NETEM 1994)

A. of which B. for what C. as D. whose

选A。 of whch意为“在这些问题之中”。此处which引出一个独立的定语从句，它不是和前面句中的某一个词发生关系，而是和全句发生关系，从意义上讲是说明前面整个句子的。whose从意义上讲近似of which，但它一般是不能引出独立定语从句。用for what，相当于for the thing which，与句子其余部分无法组合在一起。

(译文：住在澳大利亚中部沙漠中有其自身的问题，取水就是一件极为重要的事情。)

3. _______is generally accepted， economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production. (NETEM 1995)

A. What B. That C. It D. As

选D。 As 是关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中作主语，代表整个主句的意思。

(译文：正如普遍承认的，经济的增长是由生产力的顺利发展所决定的。)

4. No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything _______going on in

the world. (NETEM 1996)

A. it is B. as is C. there is D. what is

选C。 there is going on in the world是定语从句，修饰everything，在there be句型作定语从句时，作主语的关系代词往往省略。本句中going作主语补足语。又如：This is the only one (that) there is.

(译文：没有人有时间看或听这世上发生的每件事的报道。)

5. The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds，_______ could go

penniless by next year. (NETEM 1997)

A. the large one B. the larger of which C. the largest one D. the largest of which

选B。 the larger of which，因为前面有two，所以不能选D， A没有连接手段，也不能选。Trust funds意为“信托基金”。

(译文：社会保障退休计划由两项信用资金构成，较大的那项可能明年就用光。)

二、辨错题

1. It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health，wealth

A B

and happiness to elements with whom very names the general public are unfamiliar.

C D

(NETEM 1995)

C错。应改为whose。Whose的先行词是elements。The public作主语，谓语可以用第三人称单数或复数。

(译文：我们很快将把我们的健康、财富和幸福托付给一般人都不知其名的几种元素，这种说法也许并不算夸张。)

2. The seventeenth century was one in that many significant advances were made in both science

A B C D

and philosophy.

A错。应改为which，如用that，介词in应放置句尾。

(译文：十七世纪正是这样一个世纪，在这一世纪，科学哲学方面都有显著的进步。)

3. Sir Winston Churchill was British Prime Minister from 1940 to 1945， during that time he

A B C

played a decisive role in the conduct of the Second World War.

C错。应改为during which time。which引导非限定性定语从句，用逗号与主句隔开，

此处which是指from 1940 to 1945这一段(时间)。

(译文：温斯顿?丘吉尔爵士是1940年至1945年间英国首相，在那段时间，第二次世界大战的进程中他扮演了决定性角色。)

4. The new hotel has erected a beautiful building with areas and conference facilities on the

A B

top floor in which the finest view of the city can be obtained.

C D

C错。应改为from which， obtain的搭配关系是obtain sth. from sth.／sb.(从……得到)。

5. The teacher asked them who had completed their tests to leave the room as quietly as possible.

A B C D

A错。应改为those，在规范的书面英语里，定语从句不能修饰人称代词，但可修饰指

示代词，因此应用those。

典型范例举要

一、选择题

1. _______ ， he does get irritated with her sometimes. (NETEM.1992)

A. As he likes her much B. Much though he likes her

C. Though much he likes her D. Much as he likes her

选D。 much 为副词作状语，修饰likes，构成“副词或表语形容词等+as(或though)+主语+谓语”句型。

2. The engineers are going through with their highway project，_______the expenses have risen.(NETEM 1992)

A. even though B. just because C. now that D. as though

选A。 even though。 even though(=even if ) 即使。

3. Prof. Lee’s book will show you_______can be used in other contexts. (NETEM 1993)

A. that you have observed B. that how you have observed

C. how that you have observed D. how what you have observed

选D。 how修饰can be used。what you have observed作can be used的主语。

4. You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting _______you don’t mind taking the night train. (NETEM 1993)

A. provided B. unless C. though D. until

选A。 provided 作连词，表示规定的条件。

5. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe _______it provides the building

blocks from which the other elements are produced. (NETEM 1995)

A. so that B. but that C. in that D. provided that

选C。 in that 意为“因为”。

(译文：氢是构成宇宙中万物的最基本元素，这因为它是生成其他元素的基本物质。)

6. The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me _______she could remember who last borrowed it. (NETEM 1996)

A. ever since B. much as C. even though D. if only

选D。 if only 与only if 不同，if only引导的从句中谓语要用虚拟语气。only if只是if的强调形式。

7. The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates _______a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.(NETEM 1997)

A. and B. as C. but D. or

选B。 not so much...as...　与其……不如……。

(译文：人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率上升，不如说是医疗条件得到改善使死亡率下降的结果。)

８. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores， and this is especiallytrue _______it comes to classroom tests. (NETEM 199８)

A. before B. as C. since D. when

选D。 when it comes to sth.是固定句型，意为“当谈到……时”。

(译文：做家庭作业是确保考试分数的途径，就课堂考试来讲，更是如此。)

9. There are over 100 night schools in this city， making it possible for a professional to be re-educated no matter _______he does. (NETEM 199８)

A. how B. where C. what D. when

选C。 no matter what 引导让步状语从句。what作he does的宾语。

(译文：这个城市有一百多个夜校，使专业人员无论做什么工作都可以得到再教育。)

10.We were heartedly arguing about the financial matter，_______ the telephone rang unexpectedly.

A. while B. as C. when D. as soon as

选C。 when引出追叙的事项，等于and just then，and at that time。主句谓语用过去进行时，when引出的分句中谓语用一般过去时。

二、辨错题

1. Much although I have traveled， I have never seen anyone to equal her in horoughness，

A B

whatever the job. (NETEM 1994)

C D

A错。应改为Much as。Much as I have traveled 虽然我旅行得很多。

2. If only the nature of aging progress is better understood， the possibility of discovering

A B C

a medicine that can block the fundamental process of aging seems very remote.(NETEM1994) D

A错。应改为Unless。

3. In debating，one must correct the opponent’s facts， deny the relevance of his proof， or A

deny that what he presents as proof， unless relevant， is sufficient. (NETEM 1995)

B C D

D错。应改为though。

(译文：在辩论过程中，一方必须纠正对方的论据，否定其论据的贴切性，或否定对方作为论据提出来的理由是充分的，尽管这种理由是中肯的。)

4. The speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth

A B

to public assistance and health than the United States does. (NETEM 1995)

C D

C错。应改为as。as引导比较状语从句。本句属“ not so +形容词+as”句型。只是题中否定转移到了名词上。

(译文：那位演讲者声称，没有哪个现代化国家像美国那样在公共事业资助和保健方面投入其财富的比例如此之小。)

5. If individuals are awakened one time as they begin a dream phrase of sleep， they are

A B

likely to become irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient. (NETEM 1995) C D

B错。应改为each time。each time在从句中作连词，引导时间状语从句。

(译文：如果当睡眠的人每次开始进入梦乡时就被叫醒，即使他们是睡眠总量是足够的，他们也很可能变得烦躁易怒。)

典型范例举要

it 用于表示金额

1. “I had to pay ten dollars for this bowl.” “It’s probably worth it.”

(原题选择答案的干扰项之一为 worth them)。

(译文：“这个碗我得付10美元。” “或许它值这么多钱。” ) (TOEFL 1971.1)

it 作形式主语，代替不定式(短语)

2. It is a mistake to think of Edgar Allan Poe’s poetry as being more music than meaning.

(译文：认为埃德加?阿伦?波的诗与其说是意味深长不如说是音乐的看法是错误的。)

(TOEFL 1980.11)

3. It is comparatively easy to distinguish between lizards and snakes.

(译文：将蜥蜴和蛇区别开来比较容易。)(TOEFL 1983.8)

4. In radio and television it is frequently impossible to draw the line between news and entertainment program.

(译文：在广播和电视中，往往不可能区分新闻节目和娱乐节目。)(TOEFL 1987.11)

5. It takes nearly thirty years for the planet Saturn to complete one orbit.

(译文：土星这颗行星大约30年完成一次轨道运行。)(TOEFL 1988.10)

6. Sometimes it is difficult to place physics and chemistry into separate categories.

(译文：有时难以将物理学和化学归于独立的范畴。)(TOEFL 1989.8)

7. It is difficult to study element 104 because only a few atoms of this substance can be isolated at one time.

(译文：对104 号元素进行研究很困难，因为一次只能分离出这种物质的几个原子。)(TOEFL. 1999. 8)

it 作形式主语，代替从句

8. It is true that as both birds and animals become larger， their metabolic rates per unit of tissue decrease.

(译文：的确，随着鸟和动物的身体变大，它们的每个单位组织的新陈代谢速度逐渐减慢。) (TOEFL 1993.1)

9. It is likely that Rachel Carson’s 1962 book Silent Spring was won of the chief sources of inspiration for the development of nontoxic pesticides.

(译文：雷切尔?卡森1962年出版的《寂静的春天》一书，可能是研制无毒杀虫剂的灵感的主要来源之一。) (TOEFL 1996.8)

10. Is _______necessary to complete the design before National Day?

A. this B. that C. it D. he

选C。 it在句中作形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语to compete the design before National Day。

it 作形式宾语，代替不定式(短语)

11.Photograph records， tape records， and computers have made it easier to store data conveniently and accurately.

(译文：唱片、录音带和计算机使得方便而精确地储存资料变得容易了。) (TOEFL 1983.10)

12. Variable such as individual and corporate behavior make it nearly impossible for economists to forecast economic trends with precision.

(译文：个人行为和法人行为之类的可变因素使得经济学家们几乎不可能精确地预测经济发展的趋势。) (TOEFL 1989.10)

13. Using many symbols makes it possible to put a large amount of information on a single map.

(译文：利用许多符号使得将大量的信息放到一张地图上成为可能。) (TOEFL 1992.8)

14. Chemicals find it easy to detect and measure the amount of chlorine in any given water supply.

(译文：化学家们发现去检测任何特定水源中的氯的含量是不难的。)

it 用于引导强调句

15. “Were all three people in the car injured in the accident?” “No， it was only the two passengers who got hurt.”

(译文：“汽车中的三个人都在事故中受伤了吗？”“不是，受伤的只是两名乘客。” )

(TTOEFL 1974.11)

16. It was in 1777 that Vermont， threatened with invasion， declared itself an independent commonwealth.

(译文：佛蒙特是在1777年受到侵略威胁的时候宣布自己是一个独立的州的。)(TOEFL 1980.8)

17. It was Nat Turner who led a revolt against slavery in Virginia in 1831.

(译文：是纳特? 特纳于1831年在弗吉尼亚领导了一次反对奴隶制度的起义。) (TOEFL 1991.8)

18. It was Shirley S.Chisholm who was the first Black woman to run for the office of President of the United States in 1972.

(译文：竞选美国总统职务的第一位黑人妇女是雪莉·奇泽姆。) (TOEFL 1993.7)

19. It was Winslow Homer’s paintings that took American art out of the romanticism of the

mid-1800’s and carried it to the most powerful heights of realism.

(译文：是温格斯?霍默的绘画把美国的艺术领出了19世纪中叶的浪漫主义，并把它带到了现实主义最具活力的高度。) (TOEFL 1997. 12)

it指代上文提到过的事

20. I was disappointed with the film， I had expected _______to be much better.

A. that B. this C. one D. it

选D。 it在句中指代上文提到过的the film。

典型范例举要

一、典型省略句

1. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened，_______a sudden loud noise. (NETEM 1991)

A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been

选B。本题是省略if后倒装的虚拟条件句。恢复后应为if there should be。

2. The business of each day，_______selling goods or shipping them， went quite smoothly. (NETEM 1992)

A. it being B. be it C. was it D. it was

选B。本题是省略whether和might后主谓倒装的让步状语从句，恢复后应为 whether it might be selling goods or shipping them。

3. The project requires more labor than _______because it is extremely difficult. (NETEM 1992)

A. has been put in B. have been put in C. being put in D. to be put in

选A。本题是省略了the labor that 的比较状语从句。

4. Though _______ in San Francisco， Dave Mitchell had always preferred to record the plain facts of small-town life. (NETEM 1993)

A. raised B. grown C. developed D. cultivated

选A。本题虽然是词汇测试题，但though连接的是省略的让步状语从句，省略了主语和助动词he was。

5. Jean Wagner＇s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it_______in a religious， as well as worldly， frame of reference. (NETEM 1994)

A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed

C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed

选C。本题是省略should的虚拟语气，因为主句中insistence是欲望名词。

(译文：吉恩?化格纳对美国黑人诗歌研究的不朽贡献是他主张不仅要用世俗的，而且应该用宗教的观点来分析研究美国黑人诗歌。)

6. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than _______ in the public mind today. (NETEM 1995)

A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed

选A。本题是省略了the anxiety that的比较状语从句。

(译文：今天公众心目中所察觉到的患癌症的焦虑十分严重，但实际上应该减少。)

7. Just as the soil is a part of the earth，_______the atmosphere. (NETEM 1995)

A. as it is B. the same is C. so is D. and so is

选C。本题测试just as...， so...(就像……， ……也……)句型的用法。Just as...， so...引导对比从句，在so引导的分句中往往省略一些句子成分。本题如恢复，则应为so the atmosphere is a part of the earth。

８. No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything_______ going on in the world. (NETEM 1996)

A. it is B. as is C. there is D. what is

选C。以there be为谓语动词的定语从句中，如关系代词作主语，则往往省掉。

9. The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as _______ its soil and water of its lakes， rivers and oceans.

A. has B. do C. is D. are

选D。本题中的第二个as引导比较状语从句，从句中its soil and water...作主语，are是系动词，表语省略。

(译文：大气是地球的一部分，就像地球上的土壤和湖泊、河流和大洋中的水是地球的一部分一样。)

10. A program computer begins to show on its screen the figures you need _______.

A. when switched on B. switched on

C. to be switched on D. being switched on

选A。when 引导的时间状语从句中省略了主语和助动词it is。

二、典型倒装句

1. Never again did Alfred E. Smith seriously seek political office after his 19８2 defeat for the presidency.

(译文：192８年竞选总统失败后，艾尔?E?史密斯没有再认真地寻求政府职位。)(TOEFL 19８2.11) never引起的倒装

2. Rarely do meteors blaze for more than a few seconds once they enter the earth’s

atmosphere.

(译文：流星一旦进入大气层，其燃烧的时间很少超过几秒钟。)( TOEFL 19８5.８)

rarely引起的倒装

3. “Shall we ask Tom and Sue to join us in the game of golf?” “No， Tom doesn’t like golf and neither does Sue.”

(译文：“我们邀请汤姆和苏同我们一起打高尔夫球怎么样？” “不，汤姆不喜欢高尔夫球，苏也是这样。”) (TOEFL 1975.9)

neither引起的倒装

4. A sneeze cannot be performed voluntarily， nor can it be easily suppressed.

(译文：喷嚏不能想打就打，也不能轻易地被抑制。)(TOEFL 19８0.11)

nor引起的倒装

5. Not until the 1８50’s did some concerned citizens in New York seek to rescue buildings from destruction and alteration.

(译文：直到19世纪50年代，纽约的一些热心公众事务的市民才寻求挽救有历史意义的建筑，使其不被破坏和改造。) (TOEFL 1997.12)

not until引起的倒装

6. Not only does radio enable people to send words，music， and codes to any part of the world， it can also be used to communicate far into space.

(译文：无线电不仅使人们把话语、音乐和密码发送到世界的任何地方，而且可以被用于遥远的太空通讯。) (TOEFL 199８.10)

not only引起的倒装

7. No sooner had the lecture begun than the audience became aware of the sound of

fighting in the hall outside.

(译文：讲座刚开始，听众就意识到外面大厅里的打斗声音。) (TOEFL 1975.2)

no sooner...than引起的倒装

８. Only outside the Earth’s atmosphere is it safe for a space vessel to attain extremely high velocity.

(译文：只有在地球大气层之外，宇宙飞船达到极高的速度才是安全的。)(TOEFL 1993.3)

only引起的倒装

9. As inevitably as human culture has changed with the passing of time， so has the environment.

(译文：文化不可避免地随着时间的推移发生了变化，环境也同样如此。) (TOEFL 1990.８)

so引起的倒装

10. So numerous were the inventions devised to lessen the drudgery of washing clothes that the origin of the washing machine is unclear.

(译文：为了减轻洗衣服的劳累而发明出来的东西非常多，以致人们不清楚洗衣机的起源。)

(TOEFL 1996)

so...that引起的倒装

11. Beneath the streets of a modern city exists the network of walls，columns， cables， pipes， and tunnels required to satisfy the needs of its inhabitants.

(译文：在现代城市的街道下面，存在着满足居民需要所需的由墙、支柱、电缆、管道和地沟组成的网络。) (TOEFL 1996.12)

某些状语前置所引起的倒装

12. At the far end of a kaleidoscope are two plates， one made of clear glass and the other of ground glass.

(译文：在万花筒远处的一端有两个玻璃片，一个是由透明玻璃做的，另一个是由毛玻璃做的。)(TOEFL 19８3.10)

某些表语前置所引起的倒装

13. Mammals have a large， more well-developed brain than do other animals.

(译文：哺乳动物具有比其他动物大而发达的脑。) (TOEFL 1995.5)

比较状语从句中的倒装

14. Had Dickens foreseen that his novel would cause so much commotion，he would not have written it.

(译文：要是狄更斯预见到自己的小说会引起这么大的喧闹，他就不会写它了。)

(TOEFL 1973)

省略if的虚拟条件句中的倒装

典型范例举要

一、选择题

1. It was only when I read his poems recently _______ I began to appreciate their beauty.

A. until B. that C. then D. so

选B。强调句型强调when引导的时间状语从句。

2.It was about 600 years ago _______the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.

A. that B. until C. before D. when

选A。强调句型强调时间状语。

3. Was it in this place _______ the last Emperor died?

A. that B. in which C. in where D. which

选A。强调句型强调地点状语。

二、改错

1. It was him who came running into the classroom with the news.

A B C D

A错。应改为he。在正式文体中，当强调句型强调作主语的人称代词时，该代词应该用主格形式。

2. It is the news that deprive most parents of the hope that there is a safe and socially approved

A B C

road to a kind of life they themselves have not had， but their children can.

A错。应改为that deprives，因为that的先行词the news是单数第三人称。

典型范例举要

改错

1. The kind of books an author writes depend on the kind of man who he is. (应改为depends)

(译文：作者写什么种类的书，取决于他是哪种人。)(TOEFL 1970.1)

主语为单数可数名词

2. The pictures on a television tube consists of spots of light. (应改为consist)

(译文：电视显像管上的图像是由许多光点组成的。) (TOEFL 19８3.８)

主语为复数可数名词

3. Exploitation of the powers of computers depend on one’s ability to load information into them. (应改为depends)

(译文：计算机能力的开发有赖于人们向计算机输入信息的能力。) (TOEFL 1994.5)

主语为不可数名词

4. Pollen can be transferred by the wind or by the birds that comes into contact with flowers. (应改为that come)

(译文：花粉可以由风或接触花的鸟来传播。) (TOEFL 1999.1)

关系代词作定语从句的主语时，谓语动词的形式必须与它的先行词在人称和数上保持一致

5. Every river has the power to clean itself， but only if they are not overloaded with pollutants.(应改为it is)

(译文：每一条河都有自我清洁的能力，但这只是在它没有过量负载污染物的情况下。) (TOEFL 1977.9)

人称代词单数保持一致

6. Although flies live longest in cool temperatures， it breed prolifically when temperatures are warm， food is abundant， and humidity is moderate. (应改为 they)

(译文：苍蝇虽然在低温下活得时间最长，但是它们在环境暖和、食物丰富和湿度适中时大量地繁殖。)(TOEFL 1996.12)

人称代词复数保持一致

7. Count Basie’s distinctive piano style and brand arrangements of the late 1930’s earned his an important place in jazz history. (应改为him)

(译文：20世纪30年代后期，康特?巴锡独特的钢琴演奏风格和乐队的安排为他在爵士乐历史上赢得了重要地位。(TOEFL 1999.5)

人称代词宾格的一致

８. There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for，but which does

A B C

not bring a return in money to the community. (NETEM 1990)

C错。应改为do not bring。

9. Just outside the ruins are a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees. (NETEM 1991)

A B C D

B错。应改为is。