简·奥斯汀（英语：Jane Austen，1775年12月16日－1817年7月18日），19世纪英国小说家，世界文学史上最具影响力的女性文学家之一，其最著名的作品是《傲慢与偏见》和《理智与情感》，以细致入微的观察和活泼风趣的文字著称。

Jane Austen (16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature. Her realism, biting irony and social commentary have gained her historical importance among scholars and critics.[1]

Austen lived her entire life as part of a close-knit family located on the lower fringes of the English landed gentry.[2] She was educated primarily by her father and older brothers as well as through her own reading. The steadfast support of her family was critical to her development as a professional writer.[3] Her artistic apprenticeship lasted from her teenage years into her thirties. During this period, she experimented with various literary forms, including the epistolary novel which she then abandoned, and wrote and extensively revised three major novels and began a fourth.[B] From 1811 until 1816, with the release of Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814) and Emma (1816), she achieved success as a published writer. She wrote two additional novels, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion, both published posthumously in 1818, and began a third, which was eventually titled Sanditon, but died before completing it.

Austen's works critique the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century realism.[4][C] Her plots, though fundamentally comic,[5] highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security.[6] Her work brought her little personal fame and only a few positive reviews during her lifetime, but the publication in 1869 of her nephew's A Memoir of Jane Austen introduced her to a wider public, and by the 1940s she had become widely accepted in academia as a great English writer. The second half of the 20th century saw a proliferation of Austen scholarship and the emergence of a Janeite fan culture.

简1775年生于英国汉普郡，双亲是George和Cassandra，她有六个哥哥和一个姐姐Cassandra，家境尚可，父亲是一名牧师。Further information: Timeline of Jane Austen

Biographical information concerning Jane Austen is "famously scarce", according to one biographer.[7] Only some personal and family letters remain (by one estimate only 160 out of Austen's 3,000 letters are extant),[8] and her sister Cassandra (to whom most of the letters were originally addressed) burned "the greater part" of the ones she kept and censored those she did not destroy.[9] Other letters were destroyed by the heirs of Admiral Francis Austen, Jane's brother.[10] Most of the biographical material produced for fifty years after Austen's death was written by her relatives and reflects the family's biases in favour of "good quiet Aunt Jane". Scholars have unearthed little information since.[7]

简有六个哥哥和一个姐姐Cassandra，其中两个兄长后来也从事神职，另两名则曾供职英国海军。

姐姐Cassandra是珍最亲近的人，姐妹间的信件为后人的研究提供了很多素材，其所作的简画像目前保存在伦敦的国家肖像馆内。

Early life and education

Steventonrectory, as depicted in A Memoir of Jane Austen, was in a valley and surrounded by meadows.[21]

Austen was born on 16 December 1775 at Steventon rectory and publicly christened on 5 April 1776.[22] After a few months at home, her mother placed Austen with Elizabeth Littlewood, a woman living nearby, who nursed and raised Austen for a year or eighteen months.[23] In 1783, according to family tradition, Jane and Cassandra were sent to Oxford to be educated by Mrs. Ann Cawley and they moved with her to Southampton later in the year. Both girls caught typhus and Jane nearly died.[24] Austen was subsequently educated at home, until leaving for boarding school with her sister Cassandra early in 1785. The school curriculum probably included some French, spelling, needlework, dancing and music and, perhaps, drama. By December 1786, Jane and Cassandra had returned home because the Austens could not afford to send both of their daughters to school.[25]

Austen acquired the remainder of her education by reading books, guided by her father and her brothers James and Henry.[26] George Austen apparently gave his daughters unfettered access to his large and varied library, was tolerant of Austen's sometimes risqué experiments in writing, and provided both sisters with expensive paper and other materials for their writing and drawing.[27] According to Park Honan, a biographer of Austen, life in the Austen home was lived in "an open, amused, easy intellectual atmosphere" where the ideas of those with whom the Austens might disagree politically or socially were considered and discussed.[28] After returning from school in 1786, Austen "never again lived anywhere beyond the bounds of her immediate family environment".[29]

Private theatricals were also a part of Austen's education. From when she was seven until she was thirteen, the family and close friends staged a series of plays, including Richard Sheridan's The Rivals (1775) and David Garrick's Bon Ton. While the details are unknown, Austen would certainly have joined in these activities, as a spectator at first and as a participant when she was older.[30] Most of the plays were comedies, which suggests one way in which Austen's comedic and satirical gifts were cultivated.[31]

In 1788, her portrait may have been commissioned by her great uncle, Francis Austen.

长篇小说

∙ 《理智与情感》（英语：Sense and Sensibility，1811年出版）

∙ 《傲慢与偏见》（英语：Pride and Prejudice，1813年出版）

∙ 《曼斯菲尔德庄园》（英语：Mansfield Park，1814年出版）

∙ 《爱玛》（英语：Emma，1815年）

∙ 《诺桑觉寺》（英语：Northanger Abbey，1818年，死后出版）

∙ 《劝导》（英语：Persuasion，1818年，死后出版）

短篇小说

∙ 《苏珊夫人》（英语：Lady Susan）

未完成的作品

∙ 《沃森一家》（英语：The Watsons）

∙ 《桑迪顿》（英语：Sanditon）

其他作品

∙ Sir Charles Grandison

∙ Plan of a Novel

Jane Austen (1775-1817)



◆ A English writer, who first

gave the novel its modern

character, through the

treatment of everyday life.

◆ Jane Austen was born in Steventon, Hampshire, where her father was a rector. She was the second daughter and seventh child in a family of eight. The first 25 years of her life，Austen spent in Hampshire. She was tutored at home. Her parents were avid readers and she received a broader education than many women of her time. On her father‘s retirement, the family moved to Bath..

Austen focused on middle-class provincial life with humor and understanding. She depicted the life of minor landed gentry, country clergymen and their families, in which marriage mainly determined women's social status.

◆Most important for her were those little matters, as Emma says, "on which the daily happiness of private life depends."

◆ Although Austen restricted to family matters, and she passed the historical events of the Napoleonic wars, her wit and observant narrative touch has been inexhaustible delight to readers.

◆ Of her six great novels, four were published anonymously during her lifetime.

◆ At her death on July 18, 1817 in Winchester, Austen was writing the unfinished Sanditon. Austen was buried in Winchester Cathedral.

奥斯汀

终身未婚，家道小康。由于居住在乡村小镇，接触到的是中小地主、牧师等人

物以及他们恬静、舒适的生活环境，因此她的作品里没有重大的社会矛盾。她以女性特有的细致入微的观察力，真实地描绘了她周围世界的小天地，[1]尤其是绅士淑女间的婚姻和爱情风波。她的作品格调轻松诙谐，富有喜剧性冲突，深受读者欢迎。从18世纪末到19世纪初，庸俗无聊的“感伤小说”和“哥特小说”充斥英国文坛，而奥斯汀的小说破旧立新，一反常规地展现了当时尚未受到资本主义工业革命冲击的英国乡村中产阶级的日常生活和田园风光。她的作品往往通过喜剧性的场面嘲讽人们的愚蠢、自私、势利和盲目自信等可鄙可笑的弱点。奥斯汀的小说出现在19世纪初叶，一扫风行一时的假浪漫主义潮流，继承和发展了英国18世纪优秀的现实主义传统，为19世纪现实主义小说的高潮做了准备。虽然其作品反映的广度和深度有限，但她的作品如“两寸牙雕”，从一个小窗口中窥视到整个社会形态和人情世故，对改变当时小说创作中的庸俗风气起了好的作用，在英国小说的发展史上有承上启下的意义，被誉为地位“可与莎士比亚平起平坐”的作家。

奥斯汀是“第一个现实地描绘日常平凡生活中平凡人物的小说家。（她的作品）反映了当时英国中产阶级生活的喜剧，显示了‘家庭’文学的可能性。她多次探索青年女主角从恋爱到结婚中自我发现的过程。这种着力分析人物性格以及女主角和社会之间紧张关系的做法，使她的小说摆脱十八世纪的传统而接近于现代的生活。正是这种现代性，加上她的机智和风趣，她的现实主义和同情心，她的优雅的散文和巧妙的故事结构，使她的小说能长期吸引读者。”并且说：“当时（指十九世纪初）流行夸张戏剧性的浪漫小说，已使人们所厌倦，奥斯丁的朴素的现实主义启清新之风，受到读者的欢迎……到二十世纪，人们才认识到她是英国摄政王时期（1810--1820）最敏锐的观察者，她严肃地分析了当时社会的性质和文化的质量，记录了旧社会向现代社会的转变。现代评论家也赞佩奥斯丁小说的高超的组织结构，以及她能于平凡而狭窄有限的情节中揭示生活的悲喜剧的精湛技巧。”

现实主义文学

维基，现实主义文学又称作写实主义文学，是西方现代文学中一重要且主要的流派，兴盛于19世纪下半叶，为对19世纪上半叶兴盛的浪漫主义文学的批判反动和推翻，作品创作的焦点，是那些生活在普罗社会下的大众，关心社会政治经济制度等因素对人民所造成的种种压迫和影响，描写的是一个当下大时代的变动，而不再是浪漫主义式个人内心情感的自我世界。Literary realism is the trend, beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century authors, toward depictions of contemporary life and society as it was, or is. In the spirit of general "realism," realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized presentation.

Ppt

Realism in the visual arts and literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation. The term also describes works of art which, in revealing a truth, may emphasize the ugly or sordid.

Realism in the visual arts and literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation. The term is also used to describe works of art which, in revealing a truth, may emphasize the ugly or sordid.

Literary realism most often refers to the trend, beginning with certain works of nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century authors in various countries, towards depictions of contemporary life and society 'as they were'. In the spirit of general "realism", Realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized presentation.

百度：现实主义文学是西欧资本主义制度确立和发展时期的产物。1830年法国爆发“七月革命”，从此，法国资产阶级取得了统治地位；1832年英国实行了议会改革，英国资产阶级的统治地位得到了进一步巩固。这两大政治事件，是西欧资本主义制度确立的标志。欧洲各国在英、法资本主义势力的影响下，相继经历了从封建制度向资本主义制度的历史性过渡。这种特定的社会政治经济形势，直接影响着文学，成为现实主义文学形成与发展的决定性因素。

Realism literature is the western European capitalist system establishment and development period of the product. 1830 outbreak of the French revolution of July, from then on, the French bourgeoisie gained dominance; In 1832 Britain implemented parliamentary reform, further consolidate the rule of the bourgeoisie. The two big political event, is a sign of western European capitalist system established. Europe under the influence of British and French capitalist forces, have experienced a historic transition from feudalism to capitalism. This particular social political and economic situation, a direct impact on literature, become the decisive factor of the development of realism literature.

现实主义是文学艺术的基本创作方法之一，其实际运用时间相当早远，但直到19世纪50年代才由法国画家库尔贝和作家夏夫列里作为一个名称提出来，恩格斯为“现实主义”下的定义是：除了细节的真实外，还要真实的再现典型环境中的典型人物。（1888年4月初致玛.哈克奈斯信）

对现实主义的理论探讨，可以追溯到古希腊的“摹仿”说。亚里士多德在《诗学》中就已指出存在3种不同的摹仿现实的方式，第1种便是“按照事物本来的样子去摹仿”。文艺复兴时期的人文主义文艺家（阿尔贝蒂、达·芬奇、卡斯特尔韦特罗等）坚持并发展了“艺术摹仿自然”的观点。18世纪启蒙运动的代表狄德罗和莱辛从唯物主义观点出发，坚持文艺的现实基础，肯定美与真的统一，强调艺术既要依据自然又要超越自然的辩证关系。狄德罗和莱辛在《沙龙》、《画论》、《汉堡剧评》等论著中针对新古典主义束缚文艺的清规戒律，比较系统地论述了现实主义的创作原则，对近代现实主义文艺的兴起产生了促进作用。

对现实主义和浪漫主义这两个对立概念的明确划分以及这两个名词的提出，却始于18世纪末和19世纪初。德国“狂飙突进”运动的代表作家席勒在著名的《论素朴的与感伤的诗》一文中，系统地总结了从古代到近代的西方文艺发展中的两种基本倾向：偏重于直接反映现实的“素朴的诗”和偏重于表现由现实提升上去的理想的“感伤的诗”。他认为两者的区别在于：前者再现现实，而后者表现理想，前者重客观，而后者重主观，并肯定这两种创作倾向可以趋于统一。席勒首次在文学领域使用“现实主义”这一名词，

俄国现实主义文艺理论的奠基人别林斯基在系统总结俄国文学和世界文学发展进程的基础上，进一步论证了“现实的诗”（即现实主义文艺）与“理想的诗”（即浪漫主义文艺）的联系与区别。

现实主义”这个名词之在欧洲文艺界盛行，并且形成一个以它命名的文艺流派，这是19世纪50年代在法国发生的事。1850年左右，法国画家库尔贝和小说家尚弗勒里等人初次用“现实主义”这一名词来标明当时的新型文艺，并由杜朗蒂等人创办了一种名为《现实主义》的刊物（1856～1857，共出6期）。刊物发表了库尔贝的文艺宣言，主张作家要“研究现实”，如实描写普通人的日常生活，“不美化现实”。这派作家明确提出用现实主义这个新“标记”来代替旧“标记”浪漫主义，把狄德罗、斯丹达尔、巴尔扎克奉为创作的楷模，主张“现实主义的任务在于创造为人民的文学”，并认为文学的基本形式是“现代风格小说”。从此，才有文艺中的“现实主义”这一正式命名的流派。在文学艺术创作中，现实主义是与浪漫主义并驾齐驱两大思潮，其注重事实或现实；不受理想主义、臆测或感伤主义影响的客观过程；客观地而不凭感情地去处理思想和行动，反对一切不切实际或空想的性格。

As a term of art in philosophy,realism refers to a thesis that general properties,technically known as universals,have a mode of existence or a form of reality that is in a certain sense independent of the things that possess them. Opposing theses,known as nominalism,and conceptualism,hold that universals are not real or do not properly exist,that only individuals and particulars exist,and that it is only the corresponding general concepts of thought or universal terms of language,serving as equivocal denotations of many particular things,that deceive the mind into thinking so. Philosophical realism is also referred to as Platonic realism or Scholastic realism,depending on the nuances of the particular variant in mind. In some versions of realism,in stark contrast to everyday usage,a distinction is drawn between existence and reality,based on the idea that potentials can be real but that only actuals can exist.

作为一个术语的艺术在哲学、现实主义指的是一个论点,一般属性,技术上称为共性,有存在方式或形式的现实在某种意义上独立的东西拥有它们。对立的命题,即唯名论,和概念论,认为共性不是真正的或不正确的存在,只有个人和事项存在,只有相应的一般概念的思想或通用语言的形式,作为许多特别的东西模棱两可的外延,欺骗头脑思维如此。哲学的现实主义也称为柏拉图式的现实主义或学习的现实主义,这取决于特定变种的细微差别在心里。在一些版本的现实主义,形成鲜明对比。在日常使用,区别是存在和现实之间绘制,基于这一想法,潜力可以真正可以存在,但这只是实绩。

In a separate context of discussion,realism is contrasted with both idealism and materialism,and is more controversially considered by others to be synonymous with the position in the philosophy of mind known as dualism. In recent transmogrifications of the word,realism is contrasted with anti-realism and irrealism.在另一个上下文的讨论,现实主义是与理想主义和唯物主义,都是比较有争议的是被别人的同义词位置在精神哲学称为二元论。最近transmogrifications的话,现实主义是与反实在论和irrealism。

Increasingly these last disputes,too,are rejected as misleading,and some philosophers prefer to call the kind of realism espoused there metaphysical realism and eschew the whole debate in favour of simple naturalism or natural realism,which is not so much a theory as the position that these debates are ill-conceived,if not incoherent,and that there is no more to deciding what is really real than simply taking our words at face value.这些最后的纠纷越来越多,也拒绝为误导,和一些哲学家喜欢叫这样的现实主义信奉有形而上学实在论和避开整个辩论中支持简单的自然主义或自然的现实主义,这与其说是一个理论的位置,这些辩论是考虑不周的,如果不是不连贯的,没有更多的去决定什么是真正真正的不仅仅是找我们的字面值。

Realism in philosophy can also refer to other forms of realism such as moral realism and scientik 现实主义在哲学也可以参考其他形式的现实主义道德现实主义和scientik等