四种翻译方法

1.直译和意译

所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。

每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基）

应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。

Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used.

Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章）

直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。

意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。（陈宏薇）

简单地说，直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法，句子结构与原句相似，但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。

意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法，另觅同意等效的表达方法，或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。（杨莉藜）

Literal translation may be defined as having the following characteristics:

1, literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translating.

2, literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech and such main sentence structures or patterns as SV,SVO, SVC, SVA, SVOO, SVOC, SVOA formulated by Randolph Quirk, one of the authors of the book A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.

Free translation may be defined as a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. And it is adopted only when and where it is really impossible for translators to do literal translation. (Liu Zhongde).

练习：

1. He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.

2. It’s an ill wind that blows nobody good.

3. Every dog has his day.

4. It means killing two birds with one stone.

5. 你不要班门弄斧。

6. Nixon was smiling and Kissinger smiling more broadly.

7. 在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一株也是枣树。

8. 油蛉在这里低唱，蟋蟀们在这里弹琴。

9. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a French man.

10. Every spirits you take is a nail in your coffin.

11. The first time I saw her, half of my life ago, she nearly took my breath away.

12. 芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。

13. Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.

14. Do you see any green in my eye?

15. I want a man who will throw his hat over the Chindwin and then lead his troops after it.

16. Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door.

17. The operation may not succeed; it’s a gamble whether he lives or dies.

18. But after six years of a stormy marriage, Cewe decided to end it.

19. The boxes, being museum quality, would have increased in worth over the years, and made people remember me “with growing appreciation.”

20. Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.

21. . He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.
22，“你真是不到黄河不死心。”她低声地说，无可奈何地摇摇头。（《寒夜》）

23. It is a long lane that had no turning.
24. We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.
25. At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes.
26. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.

27.千字比十字只多一小撇，不是差不多嘛？

28，我们尽忙着鸡毛蒜皮的事儿，还没有顾得上呢。（新儿女英雄传）

29，“八字没有一撇呢 ”

30、三个人品字式坐了，随便谈了几句（子夜）

2， 归化和异化

翻译的归化/异化（domesticating translation and foreignizing translation）是在1995年由美国学者L. Venuti（文努迪）所提出的， Venuti十分欣赏布朗绍的名言：“翻译是纯粹的差异游戏：翻译总得涉及差异，也掩饰差异，同时又偶尔显露差异，甚至经常突出差异。这样，翻译本身就是这差异的活命化身。”在他看来，差异在翻译中被弱化的原因有二：首先，长久以来，翻译的讨论被遮蔽了，它在目的语坐标的价值体系中处于边缘化地位，差异非但没有活现，反而处于融化的过程之中。其次，英国和 英语 的价值标准，在战后形成了全球性的优势，从而更加确定了英美国家主义文化的语境。这种语境只接受在意识形态上符合英美文化的意识形态的外语文本。正是在这样一种背景下，归化的翻译为了迎合接受者的口味，总是依照译入语的特定的政治、文化、意识形态的规范对译入文本进行调整，弱式文化只得听从英美文化的摆弄，成为殖民者进行文化殖民的工具。（参见Venuti 1992）
   归化翻译的最大特点就是采用流畅地道的英语进行翻译，在这类翻译中，翻译者的努力被流畅的译文所掩盖，译者为之隐形，不同文化之间的差异也被掩盖，目的语主流文化价值观取代了译入语文化价值观，原文的陌生感已被淡化，译作由此而变得透明。从后殖民理论吸取营养的异化翻译策略则将归化翻译视为帝国主义的殖民和征服的共谋，是文化霸权主义的表现。所以，Venuti提倡异化的翻译策略。根据这一策略，译者和译语读者在翻译的过程中努力摆脱来自强势文化的羁绊。异化翻译并不应理解为对应的翻译，它并不能提高译文的忠实性。后殖民学者Robinson认为异化翻译与直译和逐字翻译相关联，只是没有直译那么极端，因为他们并不坚持在翻译中恪守原文句法序列中的个别词语的意义，但却坚持要保留原味。（参见王东风，2002：26）在异化翻译中，新的东西可能会加进去，从而达到凸现译者的身份，提高翻译的地位，并且对翻译的文化霸权进行有力的回击。

归化策略 (domesticating method)
归化是采用民族中心主义态度，是外语文本符合译语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译语文化。
译者在翻译的时候，心中既要想着原作及原作作者，尽可能的把原文的内容和风格准确而生动的表达出来；同时，译者还要想着译文的读者，翻译出来的东西要尽可能接近读者，便于读者理解和接受。
例如：
Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。
a lion in the way 拦路虎
lick one’s boots 拍马屁
Diamond cuts diamond 棋逢对手
A flash in a pan 昙花一现
Have one foot in the grave 风烛残年
To grow like mushrooms 雨后春笋
One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys nobody． 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。

练习：
请用“归化”的翻译方法，翻译下面几句话：
⑴ Lead a dog's life　　
⑵ Jack of all trades　　
⑶ A drowned rat
⑷ Let the cat out of the bag.
⑸ Every dog has his day.
⑹ Don't shed crocodile tears to me; you know you are really glad that they're met with misfortune.
⑺ Your honor, I confess the corn. I was royally drunk.
⑻ Don't play your ace in the hole until the critical moment.
⑼ The gravy train is just not for me.
⑽ George Washington adopted a Fabian policy during the war of Independence.

采取归化策略进行翻译时，以下几种汉语成语不宜使用：
映中华民族特殊习俗的
如：“拂袖而去”；“腰缠万贯”；“罄竹难书”等
有汉字特征的
如：“目不识丁”；“八字没一撇”等
含有中国地名的
如：“稳如泰山”；“黔驴技穷”；“夜郎自大”；“洛阳纸贵”等
含有中国人名的
如：“名落孙山”；“江郎才尽”；“事后诸葛亮”等．

异化策略 (foreignizing method)
异化是指对文化价值观的偏离主义的压力下，接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情境。异化译法的核心，就是尽量传译原文的“异质因素”，具体说来，就是要尽量传达原作的异域文化特色，异语语言形式，以及作者的异常写作手法。
① 异化可以在语音层上出现。例如：
ballet译作“芭蕾舞”
cigar译作“雪茄”
laser过去译成“莱塞”，现译作“镭射”、“激光”
目前大街小巷都风行的“卡拉 OK”等。
② 异化可以在词语层出现。例如：
“crocodile tears”译作“鳄鱼的眼泪”
“an olive branch”译作“橄榄枝”
“sour grapes”译作“酸葡萄”
“the cold war”译作“冷战”等等。
③ 异化可以在句子结构层次出现。朱生豪翻译的莎士比亚戏剧是公认的佳译，其中就运用了不少“欧化句式”
例如：在《哈姆雷特》第一幕第三场中，波洛涅斯告诫女儿不要轻信哈姆雷特时说：
“You speak like a green girl．Ungifted in such perilous circumstance．”
朱生豪将其译为：“你讲的话完全像是一个不曾经历过这种危险的不懂事的女孩子。”
异化揭示了深层含义，又再现了原文的表层形式，一方面丰富和完善了汉语的表达力，使表达意思的手段更准确，更多样化；另一方面，也为我们了解西方文化打开了一扇窗户。

练习：
请用“异化”的翻译方法翻译下面十个句子。
⑴ Armed to teeth
⑵ Meet one's Waterloo
⑶ Dark horse
⑷ Crocodile tears
⑸ Ivory tower
⑹ He looked cool in his new clothes.
⑺ This is the last supper in our college life.
⑻ The cold war between the husband and wife ended when the husband found a better job.
⑼ The fear that the Black Monday might return soon alarmed these Wall Streeters.
⑽ The wealth he had boasted for years turned out to be the emperor's new clothes.

十种翻译技巧

了解完四种翻译方法后，我们再来了解一下十种常用翻译技巧，即重复法(repetition)，增词法(amplification)，省略法(omission)，词类转换法(conversion)，词序调整法(inversion)，拆译法(division)，合译法（combination），正说反译和反说正译法(negation)，语态变换法(voice changes)，引申法（extension）和句子成分转译法。

1重复法(repetition)

重复法(repetition)是在翻译中，为了使译文忠实于原文并且产生意义明确，文字通顺、流畅，符合目的语习惯的文字，而将某一部分文字反复使用的翻译技巧。

例子：

1. You must ask the mother at home, the children in the street, the ordinary man in the market and look at their mouth, how they speak, and translate that way; then they’ll understand and see that you’re speaking to them in German. （重复谓语动词）

2. We have to analyze and solve problems. (重复宾语)

3. Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. (重复省略的部分)

4. But we still have defects, and very big ones. (指代内容的重复)

5. The dog is chasing the cat which is chasing a rat which is having a piece of cheese in its mouth. (指代内容的重复)

6. 判断我们各方面工作的是非得失，归根到底，要以是否有利于发展社会主义的生产力，是否有利于增强我国的综合国力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平为标准。

7. I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.

8. The three most important effects of an electric current are heating, magnetic and chemical effects.

9. Alternating stress not only varies in magnitude but also in direction.

10，But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.

11, Sleep is most graceful in an infant ; soundest ,in one who has been tired in the open air; completest ,to the sea man after a hard voyage ; most welcome ,to the mind haunted with one idea ; most touching to look at ,in the parent that has wept ;lightest ,in the playful child ; proudest ,in the bride abored .

2增词法(amplification)

在翻译中为了使译文通顺易懂，或是为了行文生动，更符合目的与的语言习惯而采取的增加部分解释性词语、连接词、类属词、概括性词语和代词的做法叫增词法(amplification)。

1. The subsequent generations of this family grew impoverished by a combination of drought, extortion, and too many gifts to opera girls, all of which led to their losing face and their property.

2, The men squatted in their dark-colored logyis, the ever-present cheroots clenched between their teeth.

3, His consideration of the Bible with the language of ordinary people and his consideration of translation in terms of focusing on the TL and the TT reader were crucial in his translation.

4,　This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best.　

5, Flowers bloom all over the yard.

6. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
7. 不要重复叶公好龙那个故事，讲了多少年的社会主义，临到社会主义跑来找他，她又害怕起来了。（《毛泽东选集》，第五卷）

8, Day after day he came to his work——sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.

9, 一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三人帮。

10, 三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。

3省略法(omission)

省略法(omission)是为了行文的简洁和更符合目的与习惯，将一些重复的词语或一些已被涵盖的意义省去的翻译方法，而原文的意义并未因此受到任何损失。

1. When she could no longer decide, she became depressed. Whenever Dwight picked up the baby to take him to his place or to the doctor’s for a checkup, she felt relief.

2. Rupert with his flexible young knees sat in a hunch-and-crouch pose in imitation of the natives.

3. Stainless steel possess good hardness and high strength.

4. Penicillin works by not allowing a bacterium to build its cell wall.

5. This is the solid rocky bottom under the ooze and mud of the ocean floor.

6. There is a 30% increase of our installed capacity with this year.

7. 在工作中，我们必须避免犯不必要的的错误。

8, 质子带阳电，电子带阴电，而中子既不带阳电也不带阴电。

9. He put his hand into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.

10, Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.

11， 匪军所至，杀戮人民，奸淫妇女，焚毁村庄，掠夺财物，无所不用其极。

12, 前怕龙后怕虎的态度不能造就干部。

13, 我们党结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。

14, 这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。（《毛泽东选集》三卷，779页）

4词类转换法(conversion)

词类转换法(conversion)是基于两种语言习惯的不同，在翻译中保留词语意义而改变此类的做法。

1. Maya Angelou returned to America in 1964, with the intention of helping Malcolm build his new Organization of African American Unity.

2. Shortly after her arrival in the United States, Malcolm was assassinated, and his plans for a new organization died with him.

3. His (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.) assassination, falling on her birthday in 1968, left her devastated（蹂躏，破坏；使荒废）.

4. There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling.

5. He was popular among young people.

6. We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of the illness were quite aware of its potential outcome.

7. 学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。
8. 由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
9. The imitation of living systems, be it direct or indirect, is very useful for devising machines, hence the rapid development of bionics.

10. Abraham Lincoln wanted to build a government of the people, by the people, and for the people.

11, Some of my class-mates are good singers.

12, Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.

13, Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—— but soft.

14, The Wilde family were religious.

15, He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.

16, 他的讲演给听众的印象深刻。

17, 该厂的产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。

18, 她在最后一幕里占了突出的地位。

19，会议没能取得一致意见就结束了。

5顺序调整法(inversion)

为避免字对字，行对行翻译所产生的弊端，翻译中要根据目的与习惯进行词序和句内结构的调整，但顺序调整后的译文不能偏离原文的句子重心。

1. During the early history of the United States, a man virtually owned his wife and children as he did his material possessions.

2. The medical profession is an example of changed attitudes in the 19th and 20th centuries about what was regarded as suitable work for women.

3,It also plays an important role in making the earth more habitable, as  warm  ocean currents bring milder temperatures to places that would otherwise be quite cold. 

4. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you catch!

5. while the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for a young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour.

6. The din of the stall-holders crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy.

7. Baker is typical of many translation scholars who make detailed use of the terminology of functional grammar and discourse analysis in that she devotes by far the most attention to the textual function.

8, Linguistic differences are of course indicative of cultural differences, and Venuti is one critic who sees linguistics-oriented approaches as projecting ‘a conservative model of translation that would unduly restrict (translation’s) role in cultural innovation and change’.

9. Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural products can not meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often, because the physical property of the synthetic substance, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied.
10，中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的就是不对的。

,11，能不能尽快的把科学技术搞上去，这是一个关系到社会主义建设的全局，关系到我们国家命运与前途的大问题。

12，Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves ,and the coursing of its streams ,and in its sweet restless seeking!(John Galsworthy:The apple tree)

6拆译法(division)与合译法（combination）

这种方法是指为符合汉语流水句的习惯而将英语中过长的句子结构进行拆解或合并的翻译方法。

1. This intuition that looks matter little may be another instance of our denying real influences upon us, for there is now a file drawer full of research studies indicating that appearance is a powerful determinant of initial attraction.

2. The president, in giving to his most powerful and most distinguished rival the greatest place which a president has in his power to bestow, gave an excellent proof of the nobleness of his own spirit.

3. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
4. .He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old.
5. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
6. Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows.
7. 中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。
8. My father was not wrong in judging me too young to manage business of importance.

9 She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen.

10. The military is forbidden to “kill” the vessel, a relative easy task.

11. He was very clean. His mind was open.

12. 芸作新妇，初甚缄默，终日无怒容，与之言，微笑而已。

13. 如今没奈何，把你雇在间壁人家放牛，每月可以得他几两银子，你又有现成饭吃，只在明日就要去了。（吴敬梓《儒林外史》）

14，The sun was coming over the hills. A bass jumped, making a circle in the water. Nick trailed his hand in the water. It felt warm in the sharp chill of the morning.

15, No stretch of imagination could visualize anything half so lovely.

16，Its gleaming sands and backdrop of pine woods and distant hills give it a pleasant and restful atmosphere.

17, Dawn met him well along the way. It as pleasant uneventful ride.

18， He crashed down on a protesting chair.

19, 她已经洗完了衣服，坐在小溪边的石头上撩起布衫揩脸上的汗水。

20，但他性情不同，既不求官爵，又不交纳朋友，终日闭户读书。

21，年岁不好，柴米又贵；这几件旧衣服和旧家伙，当的当了，卖的卖了；只靠着我替人家做些针指生活寻来的钱，如何供得你读书？（吴敬梓《儒林外史》）

22， It was in vain that the old lady asked her if she was aware she was speaking to Miss Pinkerton. (W.M.Thackray:Vanity Fair)

23,华大妈在枕头底下掏了半天，掏出一包洋钱，交给老栓，（C） 老栓接了，抖抖的装入衣袋，又在上面按了两下，便点上灯笼，吹灭灯盏，走向里屋去了（C） 。

24, 她一手提着竹篮，内中一个破碗，空的一手拄着一支比她更长的竹竿，下端开了裂，她分明已经纯乎是一个乞丐了。

25, Kings and bears often worry keepers .

7正说反译和反说正译法(negation)

这种方法是指为照顾目的语习惯，原语中肯定的或否定的表达可以转换成目的语中否定的或肯定的表达。

1. One by one, these friends, acquaintances, and strangers from the different times of my shortened life stood by the casket to say farewell,adieu,zaijen.

2. And before Marlena could lash into him for such a callous remark , he aimed his finger toward the other side of the lobby.

3. The major reason given was that the girls' own expectations declined because neither their families nor their teachers expected them to prepare for a future other than that of marriage and motherhood.

4. The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind.

5. It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.

6. You cannot attach too much importance to the matter.

7. He is no less clever than his brother.

8. The man over there is none other than our principal.

9无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。
10，I’m blest if I know.

10, He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.

11，Miss Fairlie kept to her room all day.

13，油漆未干

14，他新雇来的女佣人懒得出奇，饭量到很大，真是一个无用而又累赘的东西。

15，.Her husband hates to see her stony face.

16，He knew he was mortally ill.

8语态变换法(voice changes)

英语被动句多与汉语，因而翻译是要进行相应的语态调整。

1. In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.
2，The robot sifter has been put into use.