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    毕业论文(设计)中西方餐桌礼仪的差异(Differences between Chinese and Western Table Manners)

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    毕业论文（设计）中西方餐桌礼仪的差异（DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternTableManners）

    毕业论文
    题目中西方餐桌礼仪的差异学号1XXXXXXXXXX班级旅英1班专业旅游英语系别外语系作者姓名朱亚平完成时间2012年12月指导教师秦礼峰职称讲师

    DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternTableMannersZhuYaping
    AthesissubmittedtoHenanBusinessCollegeinpartialfulfillmentofrequirementfortheTourismEnglishMajor
    UnderthesupervisionofAssociateProfessorQinLifeng
    ForeignLanguageDepartmentofHenanBusinessCollegeDecember15,2012

    DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternTableManners
    Author:ZhuYaping
    Tutor:QinLifengAbstract
    Chinaisanationofetiquette,whosetablemannershavealonghistory.Infact,westerncountrieshavetheirownpeculiardiningcustom.WiththedevelopmentofChina’sopening-up,moreandmoreWesternculturegetsintooursight.?Aswefacewithunfamiliarculturesandcountries,someinevitableculturalconflictsmighthappeninthecommunication,whichwillseriouslyaffectthecontactsbeingcarriedoutsmoothly.TablemannershaveadecisivepositioninthecommunicationbetweenChinaandWesterncountries.Duringcommunicationwewillshowourbestimageandavoidculturalconflicts.Learningandusingtherightetiquettewillnotonlystepupourownimpression,butalsopromotethebenefitandstrifeofthecompany.ThispapermainlydiscussesthedifferencesoftablemannersbetweentheWestandChinafromseveralaspects.Knowingthesedifferences,wecancommunicatewellwitheachother.
    KeyWords:China,westerncountries,tablemanners,differences.中西方餐桌礼仪的差异摘要
    中国是礼仪之邦，其餐桌礼仪源远流长。西方餐桌礼仪也是很有讲究。随着中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入，西方社会的文化越来越多地映入了我们的眼帘。

    由于我们所面对的是来自陌生的文化和国家，思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人，在与之交往的过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象，严重影响了交往的顺利进行。餐桌礼仪在交际当中已经占据了重要的地位，学习和运用正确的餐桌礼仪，已不仅仅是自身形象的需要，更是提高双效益、提升竞争力的需要。本文主要从几个不同的方面论述了中西方餐桌礼仪的差异，了解了它们的不同，我们彼此之间才能更好的交流。
    关键词:中国，西方国家，餐桌礼仪，差异CONTENTS
    AbstractinEnglish…………………...……………………………IAbstractinChinese…………………………………………….II1Introduction12LiteratureReview1
    3MainFactorsCausingtheDifferences33.1Geography3.2Tradition3.3Custom6
    4DifferenttablemannersbetweenChinaandWest4.1Tablesetting74.2Dinnerware8
    4.3Theorderofserving9
    4.4Ruleswhenenjoyingthemeal105Conclusion11
    7
    34

    6Bibliographies11

    DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternTableManners1.Introduction
    DuetotheChinesepeopleandforeignershavedifferentlifestyles,thewayofthinking,cultures,thetablemannersbetweenchinaandwesterncountriesshowabigdifference.Chinesetablemannershavealonghistory,whichdatefromZhouDynasty,atthattimetablemannershaveaquitecompletesystem.Thosetablemannersgraduallygotoalevelofmatureandperfect,moreover,theytookanimportantpartinthepastandstillhaveadeepinfluenceinthemodernsociety.WesterndiningcustomsoriginateinMerovingianDynasty,France,andinthe20thcentury,ItalianculturecametoFrance,tablemannersandmenuturnedtobemoreelegantanddelicate,fromthattime,booksofetiquettearepublishedgradually.Today,tablemannersinheritinEurope.TablemannersinWesterncountrieshaveinfluenceonChinesetablemannersbecauseofWorldIntegration.Inordertoprotectourtableculture,wecanmakethetwotablemannersintegrated,whichisgoodforuscommunicatingwithforeigners.So,itisnecessaryforustoknowthedifferencesofthetwotablemanners.
    2．LiteratureReview
    Asweallknow,differentcountrieshavedifferentcultures.CultureisthecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanotherHofstadter,1991.Asakindofsocialcustoms,tablemannersareinfluencedbycultureandvaryin

    differentareas.China,knownascivilizedancientcountry,hascharacteristictablemannerswithalonghistory.Westerncountriesalsoformedtheirowntablemannersduringthesyncretismofnationsandmodernization.Toacertaindegree,havinggoodtablemannersisasymbolofanation'scivilizationandanexpressionofaperson'smoralcultivationandaccomplishmentlevelaswell.
    WiththedeepenofopenpolicyinourcountryandthestrengthenofcommunicationbetweenEastandWest,itisnecessaryforustoimprovetheconsciousnessofcross-culturalcommunicationandknowthedifferencesoftablemanners,suchassenseofarrivingtime,seatarrangement,orderofservingdishes,tableware,behaviors,communicationandsoon.Thefullyunderstandingofthedifferencescanpreventthefailureinpolitenessandpromotepersonalstatusonthedinnertable.OnlyifwerealizeculturalconnotationoftablemannersandthedifferencesbetweenEastandWest,canwetalkandbehavedecentlyincross-culturalcommunicationandmakesocialcommunicationharmonious.
    Withanacuteeyeandanirrepressiblewit,MargaretVassartakesafascinatinglookatthewayweeatourmealsinthebookTheRitualsofDinner.FromtheancientGreekstomodernyuppies,fromcannibalismandthetakingoftheEucharisttoformaldinnersandpicnics,shethoroughlydefinestheeatingritual.Shetakesthedifferenttablemannersin

    differentareasandracestoshowthedevelopmentoftheworldcivilization.InthebookCultureonDinnerTable,Mr.YiZhongtian2004saysthatthecorethoughtofChinesecultureisgroupconsciousnesswhilethewesterncorethoughtisindividualconsciousness.Westernersorderrespectivedishesbythemselvesratherthanaskothersforwhattheywant.Onthecontrary,Chineseagreesthatpersonalwillshouldobeygroupcommonthought.InthebookDifferencesandSyncretismofEtiquetteCulturebetweenEastandWest,Mr.LiXiaojunexploresthesyncretismofetiquetteculturebetweenEastandWestonthebasisoftablemannerstoachievetheharmonioussociety.YuLinandZhouYoucomparetheculturaldifferencesbetweenEastandWestfromthepointofviewontableware,seatarrangement,dinneratmosphereandlanguage.Itaimsatwarningpeopletotreatexoticculturewithanobjective,tolerantandrespectfulattitudewhileinsistingontheirownculture,inordertocommunicateproperlyandappropriatelyincross-culturalcommunication.
    3.MainFactorsCausingtheDifferences3.1Geography
    Asweallknow,differentareashavedifferentcultureandcustom.Becauseofthedifferentlocation,naturalconditionsandgeographicalenvironment,differentareasformeddifferentregionalculturewhichshowsinthatdifferentnationalitiesusingdifferentlanguageexpressionformsforthesamekindofphenomenonorthings.Thegeographicallocation

    andtheenvironmentleadtothedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterncultures.Chinaisabigcountrywithavastterritoryaboundinginnaturalresources,andthepeople’swayoflife,customs,economicandculturaldevelopment,aswellasgenerallocalconditions,allvary.
    Forexample,Chopsticksand,knifeandforkarethemostbasicdifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterntablemanners.YouXiuling,theprofessorofZhejiangUniversity,saidthateastandwestappeardifferenttablewaresarerelatedtotheenvironment.Chopsticksshouldbeoriginatedintheplaceoflotsofbamboo.TherearemuchwoodinnorthChinaandmuchbambooinsouthChina.SoancestorsuselocalmaterialstomakechopsticksandtheybecameChina'smostprimitiverawmaterialsofchopsticks.Theemergenceofknifeandforkismuchlaterthanthatofchopsticks.AccordingtotheresearchofprofessorYouXiuling,theoriginofknifeandforkisrelatedtothelifehabitofancientEuropeannomads,whoalwaystookknifealongthemandliveonhorseback.Theycutdownandeatmeatassoonasitcooked.Fromthenon,westernersuseknifeandforkastheirtablewares.
    3.2Tradition
    Thedifferentethnicandnationalhistoricaldevelopmentprocessmayresultindifferenthistoryandtradition.ThousandsofyearsofChinesetraditionalculturereflectedintheChineseConfucianism,TaoismandBuddhism.AsthecoreofChinesetraditionalculture,Confucianism

    producesaprofoundandlonginfluenceonChinesesociety.Confucianismhasthetraditionalthoughtmainlyemphasized“benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom,faith”.Taoistsadvocated“customizationsnature”,“pure”andheBuddhistisadvocated“mercifulPurduebeings”and“harmony”,“continued”.InthebookCultureonDinnerTable,Mr.YiZhongtiansaidthatthecorethoughtofChinesecultureisgroupconsciousnesswhilethewesterncorethoughtisindividualconsciousness.Insharpcontrast,thewesterncultureisakindof“guilt”culture.Theybelieveingodcreatedman.Thewesternculture,tobeself-centered,theboundarybetweenpeopleisclearandtheydonotallowmutualinterference.Thisindividualculturecontributedtowesterntablemannerswithoutsharingaplateoffood.ButChineselovepeaceandquietlifeintheforest,andinthediningroomusecheapchopsticksastableware.ThechopstickscanalsoreflectChinesecollectiveconsciousness.Westernersprefertocolonizeinrestaurants,useaknifeandforkintheclass.Knifeandforkalsocanreflectindividualconsciousness,andnoblewestoflife.
    Fromtheuseofchopstickswecanseethewholecourseofusingchopsticksiscollaborativework.Ifoneofthemisabsent,thewholeworkcannotbecompleted.ItshowsthatcollectivismisthecorethoughtofChinesenation.Andknifeandforkisborninmodernindustrialsociety,whichistheproductionofsocialization.Itsmainmaterialismetalwhich

    showssocialfunctionofmodernsociety,andfailedtogetridofitsoffensiveduringsocializationprocess.
    3.3Custom
    Customculturereferstotheculturethatformedinthedailysociallifeandhumancommunicationactivitybyethnicandhabits.Thedifferencesofcustombetweeneastandwestarevarious.Differentnationalitiesshowdifferentethniccultureandcustomonmanyaspectssuchasgreeting,thanks,flattery,apology,ormakingtelephonecalls.Forexample,whenChinesemeetacquaintance,theyalwaysgreeteachotherbyasking“haveyoueaten”or“whereareyougoing”.Whileinwesternculture,itdoesnotbelongtothegreetingbutarealproblem.Theymaythink“whydoesheaskmewhetherIhaveeaten”“doeshewanttoinvitemetohavedinner”.WhenChineseinvitedgueststohavedinner,therearesomanydishesonthetable,buthostsaysrepeatedly“thereisnothingforyou”“haveapotluck”andsimilarwords.Thehostalsohelpspickfoodforguestsandtryhisbesttomakeguestseatanddrinkmore.Westerneroftendoubtedaboutthisphenomenon.Itisnotrealisticbehaviourthathostsaidthereisnothingwhentherearesomanydishesonthetable.Andtheirmealisverysimplewhichoftenwithasmallnumberofdeliciousvegetableswhentheytreatothers.Hostjustsays“helpyourself”andtheynevercarryfoodtoguest'sbowl.
    4.DifferenttablemannersbetweenChinaandWest

    4.1Tablesetting
    InChina:WeprefertotheroundtableintheChinesebanquets.Ifthereisjustaroundtableinthefamilydinner,soithasnotableorder.Butifthebanquetsareheldinarestaurantorahallandtherearetwoorovertworoundtable,thenitmusthavethetablesettingorder.Theruleoftablesettingisthatthetoptableistheroundtablewhichisbacktotherestaurantorthehallandtherightofwhichisseniorandtheleftisinferior.Iftherearethreeroundtables,thenthetableinthemiddleissenior,therightisnextandtheleftissecond.Anyway,therightishonorandtheleftislow,whateverhowmanythetablesare.
    Therearefourbasicwaysofsettingarrangement:Firsthostshouldsitfacingthemaindoor,thenguestofhonorsitontherightofthehostanddeputychiefguestontheleft.Second,whenthebanquetsarrivetothescaleofmorethanonetable,everytableshouldhavearepresentativeofhostandthesettingisonthesamewayofthehost,sometimesheorshecanfacetothehostonthemaintable.Third,takingthetableofthehostsittingasthesign,theguestonitsrightishonorandtheleftislow.Fourth,ifthepositionofthehostisinferiortotheguestofhonor,thehostcanaskguesttositwherethehostshouldhaveseatedandthehostsitonhisright.Asforthedinningoflessthanfivepeople,itstablesettingcanfollowthosefourrules:rightishonorandtheleftislow;themiddleseatissenior;theseatoffacingthedooristhetop;

    flexibilityarrangement.
    Inwest:Inthewest,thelongtablesarethechoiceinthebanquet.Theyalsothinkthattherightishonorandtheleftislow.Inthebanquet,thehostandhostesssitfromeachother,gentlemanofhonorsitnearthehost,hisMadamesitnearthehostessandtheothersfollowthem.Intheinformalparty,itfollowsthatwomenisfirst.Ifamanandawomanhaveadiner,themanshouldletthewomansitonhisrightanddon’tletshesitneartothepassageway;anywaythemanoughttoletthewomansitinside.Whentherearetwocouples,ladiesshouldsitagainstthewallandtheoppositearetheirhusbands.Whentwomenwithawoman,menshouldletwomansitinthemiddleplace.Whentwopeoplehaveadinner,theseniorsitinside.Besides,menshouldremovethechairsandletwomensitfirst.
    4.2Dinnerware
    InChina:Thedinnerwareweusearethose:thechopsticks,smalldishes,spoons,bowlandsoon.Inthebanquet,waterglassisontheleftofthedishesandwineglassisontheright.Chopstickandsoupspooncanbeputonthespecialseatorinthepapersleeve.Andthetoothpickandashtrayisnecessary.
    Inwest:Theyprefertousetheknifeandfork,spoon,dish,glassandsoon.Inthewayofsetting,Chinesedinneriseasybutwesterndinneriscomplex.Thesettingwaysofthewesterndinnerintheworldisbasicallyunified.Thecommonprincipleis:underplateisplacedinthe

    middle;forkisontheleftandknifeisright,knifepointkeepsupwardandknifeedgeinward;spoonisputtedonthefrontofplate;maindishisleftanddinnerwareisright,theothersareputtedbycircumstances.Besides,thenumberofwineglassesequaltothevarietyofwine.Andtheputtingwaysareintheorderofthatstrongwineglass,wineglass,champagneglass,beerglass.Thenapkinisplacedontheplate.Iftheguestwantstoputsomethingintheplatebeforethedinner,thenapkincanbeputtedbesidetheplate.
    Thereisonesentenceconcludingtheirusingrule:righthandwithknifeandlefthandwithfork,thewholedinnerwareusingisecto-entad.
    4.3Theorderofserving
    InChina:Thefirstdishesarecolddishes,beverageandwine;thenthehotdishes;nextstaplefood;atlastthesweetsandfruit.Whenthebanquethasmanytables,eachtableshouldbeoneverydishatthesametime.Besides,hotdishesshouldbeservedfromtheleftsideoppositetheseatoftheguestofhonor,singlecopiesofvegetablesorsidedishesandsnacksshouldbegiventotheguestfirstthenthehost.Plasticdisheslikewholechicken,wholeduck,andwholefishcan’tputtheirheadsandtailstowardthehostseat.Ingeneral,thereareseveralwaysofserving:First,thebigdishisputtedside,self-servedbythepeople.Second,awaiterholdsadishonebyonetoeachguest.Third,itisinfullbloomwithsmalldishes,andtheneachoneenjoysthosedishes.Inthebanquet,

    eachdishlikeslideshow,eachtimeadishisserved.
    Sometips:intheweddingbanquetorotherredbanquet,theplatesonthetablecanbeoverlapped,meaningthatagoodthingcomesagainandagain.While,intheWhiteBanquetlikefuneraltheplatescannotbeoverlapped,thereason,Ithink,youcanguess.
    Inwest:Westernservingstepsareusuallythat:breadandbutter,colddishes,soup,seafood,maincourse,dessert,coffeeandfruit.Eatingthecolddishes,soupandbreadatthesametime.Colddishes,alsoknownasappetizerdish,servedasthefirstcourse,usuallywithanaperitif.Andsoupincludesstainssoupandcreamsoup.Themaincoursehasfish,pork,beef,andchickenandsoon.Dissertusuallyhasice-cream,puddingetc.
    4.4Ruleswhenenjoyingthemeal
    InChina:Chinesefooditsatmosphereislively,peoplelikechattingovereating.Buttalkingandlaughingloudlyisnotpolite.Whileeating,theolderisfirst,whenadishservedtheyoungcan’teatuntiltheoldereat.Whenapersonhasacough,heorsheshouldturnhisorherback.
    Inwest:Menshouldmovetheseatforwomen.Peoplealwaystalkwiththeirneighborswheneating,theydon’ttalkloudly.Theydonotusetheirownutensilsforotherstotaketheirfood;donotcutfoodonaplateafteragooduseofallrighthandforktoeat;donotputthebonesandfoodthatdon’teatonthefloororonthetablecloth,whileputthem

    ontheontheplateoficeberg.Besides,thepolitewayiseatingoutthefoodonyourplate.
    5.Conclusion
    Tablemannersreflectmanydifferencesbetweeneastandwest,whetheronsenseofarrivingtime,seatarrangement,orderofservingdishes,tablewareorbehaviorandlanguage.Knowingthedifferencespeoplecaneasilyunderstandthecultureofeachother.Infaceofthesedifferences,weshouldcomprehendandrespecttheirhabitsandcultureandshouldrememberthateverycultureisequalandthereisnoonepriortotheother.Thuswecandecentlycommunicatewitheachother.OnlyrecognizingculturaldifferencesbetweenEastandWestandmakingareasonableandeffectiveintegration,canweestablishasocialculturaletiquettesystemofcontemporaryChinaandreachtheidealharmonioussociety.Insummary,theChinesetablemannersandwesterntablemannershavemanysimilaritiesanddifferences.UnderstandingthewesterntablemannersisofgreathelptothedevelopmentofChinesecivilizationandthesurvivalabroad.Weshouldbehaviorourselvesinthebanquet.
    6.Bibliographies
    [1]Albala,K.TheCambridgeWorldHistoryofFood[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2000.
    [2]Finn,Carrie.MannersattheTable[M].America:PictureWindowBooks,2007.

    [3]King,Mia.TableManners[M].America:BerkleyTrade,2009.[4]杨柳，田丹丹，学院学报，2008.6.
    [5]彭健.浅议中西餐桌礼仪差异.《新西部》，2009.12.指导教师评语：
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