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    大学英语四级考试口试大纲及样题.-

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    2011年大学英语四级考试口试大纲
    编辑提醒
    2011年上半年大学英语四级考试将在6月18日09:00～11:20举行，下半年将在12月17日09:00～11:20举行，为了帮助大家有效的报考复习，考试大外语站点编辑收集整理了相关信息供大家参考，希望对大家有所帮助，考试大祝大家顺利通过考试！
    考试介绍 考试中心
    考试时间 计分规则
    报名条件 考试培训
    考试大纲 成绩查询
    机考解析 证书样张
    口试大纲

    口语考试成绩合格者由教育部高等教育司发给证书，证书分为 A、 B 、 C 三个等级，成绩低于 C 等的不发给证书
    大学英语四、六级考试口语考试能力等级标准如下：
    等级 A 等 B 等 C 等 D 等
    等 级 描 述
    能用英语就熟悉的题材进行口头交际，基本上没有困难
    能用英语就熟悉的题材进行口头交际，虽有些困难，但不影响交际 能用英语就熟悉的题材进行简单的口头交际 尚不具有英语口头交际能力
    一、评分标准

    CET-SET 主考在评分时使用以下标准：

    a. 准确性 指考生的语音、语调以及所使用的语法和词汇的准确程度

    b. 语言范围 指考生使用的词汇和语法结构的复杂程度和范围

    c. 话语的长短 指考生对整个考试中的交际所作的贡献、讲话的多少

    d. 连贯性 指考生有能力进行较长时间的、语言连贯的发言

    e. 灵活性 指考生应付不同情景和话题的能力

    f. 适切性 指考生根据不同场合选用适当确切的语言的能力


    二、语言功能

    CET-SET 考试要求考生参与不同形式的口头交际，其语言能力将根据其在考试中的表现予以测量。考生需要掌握的语言功能和意念在《大学英语教学大纲》中已明确列出。以下仅列举其中部分的语言功能和意念。 友好往来
    问候，介绍，告别和告辞，祝愿和祝贺，感谢和应答，道歉和应答，提议、邀请和应答。 相互交流
    开始交谈，继续交谈，改变话题，停止交谈。 态度
    愿意，希望，意向，决心，责任，能力，允许，禁止，同意和不同意， 否定，喜欢和不喜欢，偏爱，责怪和抱怨，判断、决定和意见。 劝说
    命令，劝告和建议，承诺，提醒。 感情
    焦虑，惊奇，兴趣，加重感情色彩。 存在
    存在和不存在，有和没有。 空间描述
    位置，方向，运动，距离。 时间
    时刻，时段，时间关系，频度，时序。 发表意见和看法
    询问意见和看法，发表意见和看法，对意见和看法的反应，同意，不同意，要求澄清，澄清意见和看法。 争辩
    讨论，讨论观点，反驳论点，提出进一步论证，劝说和对劝说的反应。

    三、考试形式
    CET-SET 考试分三部分：
    第一部分是考生和 CET 授权的主考进行交谈，采用问答的形式。时间约 5 分钟。 第二部分包括 1.5 分钟的考生个人发言和 4.5 分钟的小组讨论。时间共约 10 分钟。 第三部分由主考再次提问以进一步确定考生的口头交际能力。时间约 5 分钟。

    四、输入信息
    CET-SET 考试运用以下两种形式的输入信息来产生信息差： 1）画面提示（如图片、图表、照片等）； 2）文字提示。
    编辑推荐：2011年英语四级考试机考样题(word版 2011年英语四级听力复习技巧全解

    编辑提醒
    2011年上半年大学英语四级考试将在6月18日09:00～11:20举行，下半年将在12月17日09:00～11:20举行，为了帮助大家有效的报考复习，考试大外语站点编辑收集整理了相关信息供大家参考，希望对大家有所帮助，考试大祝大家顺利通过考试！
    考试介绍 考试中心
    考试时间 计分规则
    报名条件 考试培训
    考试大纲 成绩查询
    机考解析 证书样张
    五、标准描述

     语言准确性和范围 语法和词汇基本正确 5 分
    法结构较为复杂 发音较好，但允许有一些不影响理解的母语口音
    语法和词汇有一些错误，能进行较连贯的发言，但多数发言较简短 但未严重影响交际
    4 分
    表达过程中词汇较丰富
    发音尚可
    时会影响交际 话语的长短和连贯性
    语言灵活性和适切性
    在讨论有关话题时能进行较长时间的、语能够自然、积极地参与讨论
    语言的使用总体上能与语境 、功能和目的相适应
    能够较积极地参与讨或未能与小组成员直接交流
    语言的使用基本上能与语境、功能和目的相适应
    的词语而造成的偶尔停顿
    表达过程中词汇丰富、语言连贯的发言，但允许由于无法找到合适组织思想和搜寻词语时频繁出现停顿，有论，但有时内容不切题    语法和词汇有错误，且有时会影响交际
    3 分
    发言简短
    组织思想和搜寻词语时频繁出现较长时不能积极参与讨论，有时无法适应新话题或讨论内容的改变
    表达过程中词汇不丰富，间的停顿，影响交际，但能够基本完成交语法结构较简单
    发音有缺陷，有时会影响交际
    语法和词汇有较多错误，发言简短且毫无连贯性，几乎无法进行交以致妨碍理解
    际
    表达过程中因缺乏词汇和语法结构而影响交际
    发音较差，以致交际时常中断
    际任务
    不能参与小组讨论
    2 分
    六、考生手册 A. 考试简介 1 考试性质

    大学英语四、六级考试口语考试（ CET Spoken English Test ，简称 CET-SET ）用于测量我国大学生运用英语进行口头交际的能力 2 考试对象
    CET-SET 报考对象为获得全国大学英语四、六级证书且成绩达到一定分数线的在校大学生。
    试行阶段的报考对象根据教育部有关文件决定，具体报名规定见考试委员会通知。 3 考试形式
    CET-SET 考试采用面对面的形式，每场考试由 2 名主考和 3 （或 4 ）名考生组成（如下图）：

    4 试题构成
    部 分 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 时间 5 分钟 10 分钟 5 分钟
    题型 问答 发言和讨论
    问答
    说 明
    “热身”题，包括考生自我介绍、回答问题。
    考生准备 1 分钟后，根据所给提示作一个 1.5 分钟的发言；小组就指定的话题讨论（约 4.5 分钟）。 由主考进一步提问。
    5 考试成绩
    考试总分为 15 分，分为 A 、 B 、 C 和 D 四个等级（描述见“能力等级标准”）。 6 合格证书
    C 等以上者将获得由教育部高教司颁发的注有 CET Spoken English Test 成绩等级的 CET 证书。 B. 考生须知 1 报名条件及流程：
    教育部规定05年四级笔试550分、六级520分以上的考生可以报名参加口试.
    全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会根据教育部主管部门的文件规定，在有关城市设立若干个考点。考生到所在考试中心指定的考点报名并参加考试，报名时须随身携带身份证、二寸报名照一张及报名费用。 报名流程：

    2 注意事项


    · 考生须携带本人的准考证和身份证准时到规定的候考室报到，逾时 15 分钟不得进考场。
    · 考生如发现准考证上的姓名有误，请在正式开考前将修改后的准考证交给主考，由主考按身份证上的姓名核对并签名确认。
    · 如中途无故退场，将作自动放弃考试处理，成绩一律记为不合格。 · 自备饮料；不得携带手机、拷机等通讯工具进入候考室。
    · 考生须在候考室等候参加考试，在候考期间未经同意不得随意离开候考室。 · 考试期间，必须遵守考场纪律，服从管理人员安排。
    · 考试结束时，必须将准考证交给主考，同时记下自己的准考证号。 · 考试结束后，必须立即离开考区。

    3 考试时间
    一年两次，分别在 5 月和 11 月。 4 考试地点
    考试地点在考生报名的考点。具体考场在考生报到后随机编组确定。 5 考生培训

    考生必须参加考点组织的考前培训，包括： · 通知考试时间、地点、考场及候考室等考务安排
    · 介绍大学英语四、六级考试口语考试程序并播放考试过程录像
    2011年英语四级考试机考样题(word版
    The test consists of 3 sections with different types of tasks to test your abilities of English listening, speaking, writing and reading.It will take approximately 2 hours to complete. Internet-Based College English Test
    Band 4 The test consists of 3 sections with different types of tasks to test your abilities of English listening, speaking, writing and reading.It will take approximately 2 hours to complete.
    Sample Test
    Section A Listening Comprehension (Questions 1-18; 25-30 minutes
    Directions: This section contains 18 multiple choice questions based on four audio and one video clips. You should select the best answer to each question. All audio and video clips will be played twice. When they are played for the first time, you should pay attention to the main idea and answer some general comprehension questions. When they are played for the second time, you should focus on the important details and answer some specific comprehension questions. News Item 1 Question 1 will be based on the following news item.
    GLOSSARY 1. apprehensive 恐惧的，担心的 2. trajectory 轨道，弹道 3. stumble 蹒跚而行，踉跄 4. collaborate 合作，协作
    Question 1
    What is the main topic of the news report? A. China’s economic output has exceeded that of the U. S. B. China has emerged as a global economic powerhouse.
    C. Chinese economic expansion should be welcomed. D. China’s economic growth helps the U.S. to finance its growing debt. Now listen again and answer Question 2.
    Question 2 2. What did Treasury Secretary Paulson say about China’s economic growth in the conference call with reporters? A. Americans feel threatened by China’s economic growth.
    B. The growing Chinese economy contributes to the U.S. economy. C. The loss of American manufacturing jobs overseas is caused by China’s economic growth.
    D. China has problems in its economic development. News Item 2 Question 3 will be based on the following news item. GLOSSARY 1. hazardous 危险的 2. thoroughfare 大道，大街 3. respiratory 呼吸的 4. asthma 哮喘（病） 5. emphysema.肺气肿
    Question 3 3. What’s the main idea of this report?
    A. Severe air pollution in Southern California caused serious health problems in children. B. Increasing numbers of children develop asthma due to annoying air pollution. C. Air regulations concerning housing development should be adjusted. D. Highway air pollution constitutes a threat to children’s lungs. Now listen again and answer Question 4.
    Question 4 4. What is the main reason for the researchers to be concerned about the health of those children as adults?
    A. In adulthood, their lung capacity was far weaker than in those ordinary kids. B. Generally speaking, their lung stops to develop in adulthood . C. Adulthood respiratory problems are likely to lead to other illnesses. D. These children are under double effecting of air pollution. News Item 3 Question 5 will be based on the following news item.
    GLOSSARY 1. gadget 小器具，小装置 2. craze 狂热，风行一时的东西 3. dampener 潮湿器，增加潮湿物 4. gray market 半合法市场 5. handset 电话听筒，手持机
    6. shrug sth. off不把当回事 对满不在乎
    Question 5 5. What is the general response to Apple’s iPhone? A. People are really excited. B. It falls short of expectations. C. The cost is too high.
    D. It is hugely impressive. Now listen again and answer Question 6.
    Question 6 6. Why didn’t the company Airtel think that the price is an important factor? A. The iPhones’ target consumers are the successful and the young.
    B. People can get full benefits such as guarantee if they buy here in India. C. The iPhone is an impressive combination of music and video player, cellphone and web browser.
    D. India is a big market with huge demand. News Item 4 Questions 7 to 8 will be based on the following radio interview.
    GLOSSARY 1. airborne （飞机或乘客）升空 2. transceivers 无线电收发两用机 3. cockpit 驾驶舱，驾驶座 4. simultaneous 同时的 5. roaming 漫游的
    6. backlash 强烈抵制，集体反对 7. etiquette 礼节，礼仪，规矩 8. Lufthansa （德国）汉莎公司 9. premium 高昂的，优质的 10. fantastically 极其地
    11. protocol （数据传递的）协议
    Question 7
    7. What does the anchor tell us about flights in the EU?
    A. Laptops and MP3 players are not allowed until after a certain altitude.
    B. Passengers can make calls using the phones on board the plane.
    C. Flights within the EU are more talkative. D. Mobile phones can only be turned on after the plane is airborne.
    Question 8
    8. How did the airliners feel about the regulation? A. Lufthansa has made it clear that they won’t allow the internet on board. B. Most airliners don’t think it necessary to use phones during the flight. C. Ryan Air is currently uncertain about whether to accept it or not. D. Airliners in general have respective views. Now listen again and answer Questions 9 to 12.
    Question 9
    9. What is vital to safe use of mobile phones aboard an airplane? A. Mobile phone signals are separated from these sent to the airplane by a base station. B. Stronger signals sent to mobile phones won’t interfere with the technology on board. C. The whole airplane with a transceiver linked to a satellite functions as a base station. D. Mobile phones switched on don’t search for signals when one boards a flight.
    Question 10 10. What is likely to be the pricing? A. It is normal roaming charges. B. It’s 4 to 8 dollars per email.

    C. It is a couple of dollars for an SMS message. D. It is around 3 dollars per minute for voice calls.
    Question 11 11. Which of the following statements is not true of passengers’ reactions? A. Some are thrilled to be able to send SMS messages. B. Those traveling short distances don’t like voice calls. C. There is considerable opposition as some prefer peace on a flight. D. Introduction of in-flight phone etiquette is highly desirable.
    Question 12 12. Why was the Internet service no longer available on board? A. It was technologically unfeasible.
    B. It was a business failure.
    C. Passengers decline to surf the net.
    D. The net speeds aboard are beyond expectation.
    News Item 5 Questions 13 to 14 will be based on the following video clip.
    GLOSSARY 1. Cathedral 教区总教堂，大教堂

    2. premier 首要的，最著名的 3. ragpicker 拾荒者
    4. huddle （因寒冷或害怕）挤作一团 5. rickety 不结实的，摇摇晃晃的
    6. upscale 高档的，高级的

    7. avant-garde 前卫派，前卫派的

    8. sandals 凉鞋
    9. sift through区分，挑选 10. detergent 洗涤剂
    11. grimy 满是污垢的，肮脏的
    12. boutique 时装店，精品店 13. slum 贫民窟
    14. Baroque 巴洛克风格的
    Question 13 13. What is the main topic of this TV program? A. Bagselling. B. Ragpicking. C. Waste recycling.
    D. Pollution.
    Question 14 14. What probably is the mission of Converse? A. To reduce pollution.
    B. To manufacture upscale products. C. To help ragpickers rebuild life.
    D. To reuse trash materials. Now listen again and answer Questions 15 to 18.

    Question 15 15. From the program, it can be learned that_________ A. There is increasing pollution in India. B. India is the world’s third largest consumer.
    C. Poor people are benefiting from ragpicking. D. Living condition is improving in India .
    Question 16 16. What is the response to their bags? A. They are far too expensive. B. They are immensely popular.
    C. They are of usual styles. D. They are comparatively fashionable.
    Question 17 17. What was the situation like when the Ahujas first started out? A. There were just 300 workers. B. The workers were well trained. C. The business seemed unpromising D. People were interested in their work.
    Question 18 18. How do ragpickers feel about the Converse’s project? A. They are glad their life quality is improved via the project. B. They are surprised the bags are all highly priced.
    C. They are hopeful that it will continue.

    D. They are complaining because of the low pay. Section B Listening-Based Integrated Tasks (Questions 19-48; 45-50 minutes Directions: This section contains four tasks based on the previous recordings.
    Task 1 Listening and Dictation (Questions 19-28; 8 minutes Directions: In this section, you will hear a clip twice. As you listen to it for the first time, fill in the blanks with the exact words you have heard. Check what you have written down while you listen to it for the second time. You will have 30 seconds to check. Now, fashion is the name of the game there in Austria, but you might be surprised to learn that some of the most Q19______________ come from one of the most Q20____________ of sources. Satinder Bindra has been finding out. A cold start to ragpicker Shankar’s workday. He huddles for Q21____________ by this fire. Then after a simple breakfast of hot milk and toast, he Q22______________ in his rickety cart to keep his first Q23_______________ of the morning. Just a short distance away, Rika Hababi is already at work, busy collecting hundreds of such discarded and soiled plastic bags. It’s backbreaking work, but there’s no shortage of these Q24 _________________ of plastic. Within an Q25 ________________ growing at almost 8 percent a year, India now consumes 5 million tons of plastic a year and will soon become the world’s third largest consumer after the United States and China. But with growth comes increasing Q26 _____________ . Ragpickers have traditionally helped recycle a lot of this material. But now a Q27________________ nonprofit organization called Conserve has Q28________________ a new idea.
    Task 2 Use of Grammar and Structure (Questions 29-38; 5 minutes Directions: There are ten blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices. You are required to choose the ONE that fits best into the context. Q29 ____________ the time being, though, everybody’s focusing on the present; these workers carefully sift through Rika and Shankar’s load of plastic. Then the bags are cut by another group of workers; some of them so poor that before this job they Q30 ___________ never used a Q31____________ of scissors and had to be specially trained to do so. Q32 _______________ the bags are cut, they’re vigorously hand-washed in detergent. After they are aired and dried out, they are once again sorted and stacked into these colorful heaps. The plastic is then compressed and heated; and since this technology is still in the process Q33________________, we can't film it. But take a look at this: the rebirth of hundreds of thousands of grimy and soiled plastic bags into eye-catching sheets. These sheets are then stitched into bags, belts, bracelets and shoes by trained craftsmen. Watching and supervising the entire operation are Anita and Shalabh Ahuja, the founders of Converse. From just a few workers Q34 _______________ they first started out two-and-a-half years ago, the Ahujas now hire 300 people. They promote from within the organization and plow everything they earn back into the business. For me, it's a humbling experience that I don’t know why it’s fallen on me to do that. But I’m so glad that I had been able to contribute towards improving the lots of a Q35 ________________ bit of people. Shalabh Ahuja is an engineer. He’s responsible Q36 ________________ the technical end of operations. His wife Anita is an artist, Q37 ________________ who’s designed all these handbags. The Ahujas now annually export such bags Q38 ________________$150,000 across the world; a far cry from their earlier days, when Anita says it was hard to get people interested in her work.
    29. A. of B. at C. for D. in

    30. A. have never B. had never C. never D. never did 31. A. pair B. set C. piece D. couple 32. A. When B. While C. Once D. As 33. A. patented B. to be patented C. being patented D. of being patented 34. A. when B. whom C. which D. that
    35. A. little B. few C. much D. whole
    36. A. as B. to C. in D. for 37. A. one B. the one C. another one D. the other one
    38. A. worth B. worthy C. worth of D. worthy of     Task 3 Listening and Repeating (Questions 39 to 48; 8 minutes Directions: There are ten sentences selected from Section A. You will hear each sentence twice. 39. The last decade has seen China emerge as a global economic powerhouse. 40. …we cannot solve climate issues without cooperation and engagement with China. 41. … lung capacity in these children was far weaker… 42. The study was over a 13-year period…
    43. But there was no sign of people queuing up for hours. 44. India is one of the biggest markets for mobile handsets 45. he is a travel editor for The Independent Newspaper. 46. it’s going to interfere with the technology on board.

    47. Connection by Boeing was an enterprise set up as the division 48. it technologically worked quite well but commercially was never a success. Task 4 Listening and Writing (Question 49; 30 minutes     Directions: In this section, you are required to write an essay of no less than 120 words.
    Now watch the video again before you start writing. 1. Write a short summary of the video; please include in your summary: 1 the major problem with India;
    2 what the Ahujas have done; 2. Give your suggestion as to how to reduce pollution in Beijing. Section C Reading Comprehension (Questions 50-69; 35 minutes
    Task 1 In-depth Reading (Questions 50-59; 20 minutes Directions: There are two passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. There are four choices for each question and you should decide on the best choice.
    Passage 1
    Questions 50 to 54 are based on the following passage. As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United States increased. The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the diversification of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon qualifications and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society.
    The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the
    century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses, and other agencies. Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were one such population. Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home. Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women, American education gave homemaking a new definition. In pre-industrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it commonly included income-producing activities both inside and outside the home, in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States, however, overproduction rather than shortage was becoming a problem. Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a producer. Schools trained women to be consumer homemakers cooking, shopping, decorating, and caring for children "efficiently" in their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employees in the homes of others.
    Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date. 50. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one important factor in the increasing importance of education in the United States was____________ (A the growing number of schools in frontier communities (B an increase in the number of trained teachers (C the expanding economic problems of schools
    (D the increased urbanization of the entire country 51. The phrase "coincided with" in line 8 is closest in meaning to____________
    (A was influenced by (B happened at the same time as (C began to grow rapidly
    (D ensured the success of 52. According to the passage, one important change in United States education by the 1920's was that_____________
    (A most places required children to attend school (B the amount of time spent on formal education was limited
    (C new regulations were imposed on nontraditional education (D adults and children studied in the same classes 53. Vacation schools and extracurricular activities are mentioned in lines 12 to illustrate_______________ (A alternatives to formal education provided by public schools
    (B the importance of educational changes (C activities that competed to attract new immigrants to their programs.
    (D the increased impact of public schools on students.
    54. According to the passage, early-twentieth century education reformers believed that_______________
    (A different groups needed different kinds of education (B special programs should be set up in frontier communities to modernize them (C corporations and other organizations damaged educational progress (D more women should be involved in education and industry
    Passage 2
    Questions 55 to 59 are based on the following passage. According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family traditional cultural patterns place leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment (招募. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders.” It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group’s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
    55. What does the passage mainly discuss?
    (A The problems faced by leaders. (B How leadership differs in small and large groups. (C How social groups determine who will lead them.
    (D The role of leaders in social groups. 56. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT ___________.
    (A recruitment
    (B formal election process

    (C specific leadership training (D traditional cultural patterns 57. In mentioning “natural leaders” in line 9, the author is making the point that __________. (A few people qualify as “natural leaders”.
    (B there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist.
    (C “natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a group. (D “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics.
    58. The word “resolve” in line 27 is closest in meaning to _____________. (A avoid repeating
    (B talk about
    (C avoid thinking about
    (D find a solution for 59. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on ___________.
    (A ensuring harmonious relationships.
    (B sharing responsibility with group members. (C identifying new leaders.
    (D achieving a goal.
    Task 2 Skimming and Scanning (Questions 60-69; 15 minutes Directions: You have 15 minutes to go over the passage and answer questions 60 to 69. For questions 60 to 66, choose the best answer from the choices marked A, B, C and D. For questions 67 to 69, comple the sentences with the information given in the passage.

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