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时间：2023-11-29 10:04:08 下载该word文档
CulturalfactorsWiththeexceptionofAustraliaandNewZealand,whichsharesimilaritieswithEuropeancountriesandtheUnitedStatesofAmerica,participatingAsiancountrieshavetraditionallybeencharacterizedbythedominanceofextendedfamilysystems,dependenceonthefamily,andthefactthatfamilyloyaltyoverridesindividualconcerns.Thesefactorsmayhelptoexplainsomeofthepatternsofsuicidethatarecharacteristicofparticipatingcountries.Incountriesthathavedevelopedrapidly,theroleofthefamilyseemstobechanging.Beingmarried,forexample,appearstobelessprotectiveagainstsuicideindevelopingAsiancountriesthanitisinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesofAmerica,withstudiesinChinaandIndiafindingthatsingleindividualsarenomorevulnerabletosuicidethantheirmarriedcounterparts(Phillipsetal.,2002b;Rao,1991.Culturalattitudestowardthewoman’sroleinmarriagemayalsopartiallyexplainthecomparativelyhigherratiooffemaletomalesuicidesfoundinAsiancountriesascomparedtoEuropeandtheUnitedStatesofAmerica(seeChapter1.IncountrieslikeIndia,Pakistan,andSriLankawherearrangedmarriagesarecommon,thesocialandfamilialpressureonawomantostaymarriedeveninabusiverelationshipsappearstobeoneofthefactorsthatincreasestheriskofsuicideinwomen(Gururajetal.,2004.Dowries,whichinvolveacontinuingseriesofgiftsbeforeandaftermarriage,complicatetheproblem.Whendowryexpectationsarenotmet,youngbridescanbeharassedtothepointwheretheyaredriventosuicide(Kumar,2004.Insomecasesyoungcouplespreventedfrommarryingbyfamilyopposition,whofacetheunresolvableconflictofeitherlivingapartorseveringtieswiththeirfamilies,choosesuicide—eithertogetheroralone(VijayakumarandThilothammal,1993.SOCIO-ECONOMIC,CULTURALANDRELIGIOUSFACTORS23InChinathesuiciderateforwomenishigherthanthatformen.ThisistheresultofthehighsuiciderateforwomeninruralChinawhereoverthreequartersofsuicidesinChinatakeplace.ThehighsuiciderateofwomeninruralChinahasbeenattributedtothesituationofwomeninthetraditionalpatriarchalstructureofChinesesocietywhichcausesthewoman’ssocialandeconomicstatustobeproblematicinandoutofmarriage(Leeetal.,2000.Inastudyofwomentreatedinhospitalemergencyroomsafterasuicideattempt,over40percentwereyoungruralwomen15-34yearsofage.Anunhappymarriage(over60%,financialproblems(over40%,andhavingbeenbeatenbyaspouse(almost40%werethemostfrequentlycitedstressfuleventstheyhadexperienced(Pearsonetal.,2002.Thesituationmaybeexacerbatedbythepolarizationofruralandurbanareasduetodifferentratesofeconomicdevelopment(Pearsonetal.,1995.AnotherexplanationforthehighrateofcompletedsuicideinruralChinesewomenisthatthereadyaccesstohighlylethalpesticidesresultsinanincreasedfatalityofimpulsive,low-intentsuicidalbehaviour.InChina,asinmostcountries,suicideattemptsinwomenaremuchmorefrequentthaninmen(2.5:1,soastheproportionof‘attempts’thatbecomefatalincreasesso,too,doestherelativeproportionof
suicidesamongfemales(Yangetal.,2005;Conneretal.,2005.ThepressuretodowellonexamsandtheshameassociatedwithfailurehavebeencitedasthecauseforsuicideamongyoungpeopleincountrieslikeSriLanka,India,China,JapanandMalaysia.Thereisconsiderableconcernaboutsuicideamongthisgroupinthesecountries,eventhoughSriLankaistheonlyoneofthemwithanotablyhighyouthsuiciderate.Researchershavenotedthatthereisheavycompetitionforcollege/universityplaces,andconsiderablemediahypeassociatedwithfinalschoolexamresults.Asaresult,theshameassociatedwithfailurehasbeenfelttohavepusheddistressedadolescentstoattemptandcompletesuicide(Vijayakumaretal.,2005.TherearestrongculturalprohibitionsregardingsuicideinmanyoftheAsiancountries.Insomecountries,(e.g.,India,Malaysia,andPakistantherearealsolegalsanctions;attemptedandcompletedsuicideareregardedascrimes.Theseactionscanconsequentlybringmuchshameandstigmatofamilies.Funeralritesmaybedeniedorconducteddifferently,andrelativesofthepersonwhodiedbysuicidemayhavetroublefindingamarriageablepartner.Religioninthesecountries(discussedbelowisasignificantfactorindeterminingtheseattitudes.Theseprohibitionsmakeitextremelydifficulttogetaccurateestimatesofcompletedandattemptedsuicidesinthesecountries.SUICIDEANDSUICIDEPREVENTIONINASIASuicideisneverthelessacceptedincertaincircumstances.InChina,forexample,itistreatedsympatheticallyifitisdoneforthefamily,thecommunityorthecountry,inresponsetoachronicphysicalillness,ortoredeemoneselffromdisgrace.Similarly,inJapan,suicidepracticedoutofloyaltyortorestoreinjuredhonour(harakiriisrespectedandmayevenbeglorified.SuicidehasalsobeenusedinIndiaandotherAsiancountriesasameansofsocialprotestoverpolitical,economicorculturalissues,particularlybythosewhoaremarginalizedandpowerlessandwhohavenoothermeansofprotesting.However,such‘acceptable’suicidesusuallyaccountforonlyasmallminorityofallsuicides;inmostAsiancountriescommunitymemberscondemnsuicideandconsiderthemajorityofsuicidestheresultofpersonalweakness.Ifthefamilyisfelttohavecontributedtothesuicidetheymaybeblamed,andmaythereforebeinclinedtoconcealthesuicidewheneverpossible.Forexample,thereareanecdotalreportsinIndia(wheresuicideisbothculturallystigmatizedandillegalofenticementsgivenbyfamiliestothepolicenottoreportanattemptedsuicideandtoreportasuicidedeathasduetosomeothercause.Mentalhealthprofessionalsbelievetheseattitudescontributetoareluctancetoseekhelponthepartofmanywhoaresuicidalorbyfamiliesstrugglingwiththelossofalovedone.ReligionThemajorreligionspractisedinparticipatingcountriesareIslam,Hinduism,BuddhismandChristianity,andadditionalreligionsincludeTaoism,Sikhism,JainismandShintoism(seeTable1.Religionmaybeprotectiveagainstsuicide,bothattheindividualandsocietallevel,andthiseffectmaybemediatedbythedegreetowhichagivenreligionsanctionssuicide(Vijayakumar,2002.Thissuggestionisconsistent
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