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1. adventure

冒险（性）， （危险，冒险的）刺激

e.g. be fond of adventure; a sense/ spirit of adventure

惊险的事、有危险的事

e.g. A hunter of tigers has many adventures

A flight in a plane used to be an adventure.

He told me about his adventures on the lonely island.

The trip to Florida was an adventure for her.

英语中有很多名词都有这样用法：如作为抽象名词使用，往往是不可数名词； 如作为具体名词（如具体的事或具体的人）时，是可数名词。

又如：beauty ①He has no real feeling for beauty.

②This rose / girl is a real beauty.

failure ① Failure is the mother of success.

(success) ② As a writer, he is a failure, but as a lawyer ,he is a success.

mystery ① He likes stories full of mystery.

② Why he went there is a mystery to me.

surprise, disappointment, excitement, joy 都有类似的用法。

adventurous adj.

2. dark: 黑暗的、深色的(与light相对应）

a dark street、It’s getting dark. dark hair、 dark blue

in the dark

1）在黑暗中 e.g. A cat can see in the dark.

He walked alone in the dark and was not afraid at all.

2) 秘密地，蒙在鼓里，一无所知

e.g. We are still in the dark about the cause of the fire.

He left me in the dark of his plan.

after /before /at dark； after /before/ at sunrise； after/ before/ at dawn/ dusk

3. clothing / cloth / clothes

clothing "是衣服，服装"的总称， 强调衣着，这一概念（包括鞋，帽等）是不可数名词，是区别于其他事物的抽象概念。

①Food , clothing, shelter and transportation are very important for us.

② a piece / an article of clothing

cloth指做衣服用的材料，布，它是物质名词，一般是不可数名词，也没有复数形式；但如指一块具体用途的布，是可数名词。

① a piece of clot ② a dishcloth/ tablecloth / two tablecloths

clothes 统指各种衣服，包括外套，西装，裤子，内衣等。但是它不能指单件衣服，也不能用作单数，也不能和具体的数词连用。

注意： a clothes (x) six clothes (x) many / these clothes (√)

4. Whatever

1) 连接代词（= anything /everything that ……）“所….的一切”，引导名词性从句，在句中作主语，宾语。

e.g. Whatever you did was right. / You can take whatever you like.

2) 连接副词（= no matter what）“无论….引导状语从句”，引导让步状语从句。

e.g. Whatever happens, I’ll go.

You shouldn’t give up whatever difficulties you meet.

3) 是what 的强调形式，“究竟什么”（= what ever）

e.g. Whatever do you mean?

类似的词有: whoever, wherever, whenever, however等

whoever Whoever comes will be welcome.

Whoever comes, he will be welcome.

Whoever (who ever ) told you that?

Sit wherever you like.

Wherever he goes, I’ll go and I don’t care what happens.

wherever Wherever did you go?

However However cold it is, he always goes swimming.

However did you do it?

5. scare：vt. 使……害怕

1）scare sb. e.g. The thunder scared the children.

You scared me! 你吓了我一跳。

2) scare sb. + adj.：吧……吓得

e.g. The scream from the dark street scared her stiff. (僵住）

I don’t scare easily. (我不容易被吓唬）

3）scare sb. / sth. away / off：吓跑、下走

scare sb. out of his wits.：把……吓昏了头、吓死

4) be scared of / at ：害怕……

be scared to do sth. / that …：怕做……/ 怕会……

6. sick：adj. 患病的 （sickness)

e.g. Mother was sick and I have to look after her at home.

He is a sick boy and can’t go out for sports.

the sick “病人”，构成合成词，表示“害…..病的”“晕….的”

homesick, seasick, airsick, carsick

make one sick 使…..高兴

be sick at / about sth 因某事不高兴

be sick for：思念； be sick of：厌烦的

c.f. ill：作表语，“生病的”：be ill； 作定语，“坏的、不良的”：ill words,

7. view：n. 景色，风景（从特定的处所看到的景色）

This room has a fine view of the mountains.

The view from the top of the hill is wonderful.

There’s no view from my bedroom window except some factory chimneys.

cf : view (从特定的处所看到的)景色

scene 风景

sight 风景；景物（常用复数形式）

The sunrise is a beautiful sight /scene.

It is a good chance to see the sights of the city.

n. 看法，观点

What’s your view of /about life?

n. 目光，视野（=sight）

He disappeared from view.

bird’s –eye view：鸟瞰全景；come into view：进入视野；in one’s view据某人看来

8. look forward to (prep.)

refer to; pay attention to; due to; thanks to; devote…to ; get down to; give oneself up to ; come to; add up to; total up to; owing to; stick to; lead to.

9. note：n. 便条，短信

leave a note to sb.

n. 注释(常加s)

notes to/ on the text

n. 纸币 a five –yuan note

n. 记录，注意

make / take a note /notes of sth：记录、记载……；take note of 注意（到）；compare notes with sb.：交换意见、互道感想

e.g. You should take careful notes of everything he said about it.

I’d better make a note of the details of the discussion.

vt. 注意、留意到

e.g. I noted her shyness.

Please note his wording when he speaks.

We noted that they each wear a black suit at the opening ceremony.

note down = write down：写下、记下

10. total：adj.(entire, whole ) 全部的，所有的

e.g. the total amount, the total population of China

adj. (complete ) 完全的，全然的

e.g. a total failure； a total stranger

v. total (totaled, totaled)：total up to (come to, add up to)

a total of 总共有 in total 总计，总共

totally：adv.

11. silence：adj. silent

安静，沉默

e.g. keep silence / silent； break silence； in silence

Speech is silver; silence is golden.

沉默期间； 一段沉默的时间

e.g. After a long silence, he sent me a letter.

adv. Silently= in silence

12. schedule：n.

e.g. What’s on the schedule for today?

according to schedule 按日程表进行

ahead of schedule (time)； on schedule 准时

vt. 定于（某时）

be scheduled for + 时间 定在某时进行

e.g. His arrival is scheduled for Thursday.

be scheduled to do sth

e.g. The bus is scheduled to leave next Wednesday.

13. reach：vt. 有多种意思：

1）到达、得到、使……明白

e.g. After two hours’ drive, we reached the village.

Your letter reached me yesterday afternoon.

One day she suddenly reached my understanding.

2) 伸手够着 e.g. Can you reach the top of the door?

vi. 也有多种意思

3) 伸出 (与out连用）

e.g. The poor man reached out his hand to take the money.

4) 伸手去取…… （与for连用）

e.g. All the children reached for the candies.

5) （势力、范围等）扩展、延伸

e.g. The river reaches eastwards to the sea.

The park reaches as far as the river bank.

reach：还可以作名词，“伸手够得到的地方”，常用短语：

within one’s reach：在某人伸手够得着的地方；

out of one’s reach：在（某人的）手所不能及的地方；

beyond one’s reach：意思同 out of one’s reach：

e.g. The medicine is beyond my reach. Next time please put it within my reach.

14. claim：vt. 要求（获得……）声称、需要

e.g. He claimed extra pay for working extra hours.

Can I claim payment for the damage he caused?

She claimed that she had had a meal with that great man. =

She claimed to have had a meal with that great man.

This fine work claims carefulness and patience.

n. 要求、请求

e.g. one’s claim for sth.：某人对某物的要求；

make / put in a claim for …：提出对……的请求

give up a claim for …：放弃对……的要求

lay claim to sth.：对……提出权利要求

15. harmony：n. (u.)协调、和谐

e.g. There will be no harmony between two selfish persons.

be in / out of harmony with…：与……（不）一致、协调

e.g. Man should be in harmony with nature.

His tastes of books is in harmony with mine.

maintain / keep harmony with…：与……保持协调

16. envy：n. 羡慕、妒嫉

feel envy at …. / out of envy：出于羡慕/妒嫉

the envy of…：使人羡慕的人或事

e.g. She is always the envy of her friends.

vt. 羡慕、妒嫉

envy sb. / envy sth. / envy sb. sth.

e.g. We all envy him / his excellent English / him his excellent English.

17. form：vt. 形成、养成（人格、习惯）= develop，形成、组成（组织）= make up

e.g. Group activities help to form a child’s character.

form the habit of ….

50 students form our class. = Our class is made up of 50 students.

6 players can form a basketball team.

form an opinion / idea …

n. 形状、表格、状况

e.g. in the form of…/ take the form of …

fill in the form

be in / out of form 状况好/ 不好

18. surround：vt. 包围、环绕 A surround B = B is surrounded by / with A

surrounding：adj. 周围的、附近的 the surrounding villages

surroundings：环境、周围的事物

19. interview：n. 会见、面试、采访（人）

e.g. give sb. an interview：接见某人、接受采访； have / hold an interview with sb.：与某人面谈； a job interview：求职面试； a television interview：电视采访

vt. 与（某人）面谈、对……提出询问

e.g. Our manager himself will interview those who applied for the job.

She was interviewed by many reporters about her marriage.