常见的八种逻辑关系

1，并列关系:

and, and also, or, neither…nor, either…or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that

is to say, as well as, same…as

2，递进关系:

then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more

3，因果关系:

because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so(such) … that, consequently,

accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to, with, for this reason, lead to, too…to

4，转折关系:

but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while,

whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of

5，让步关系:

although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of

6，列举关系:

first—second—last of all, first—then, to begin with—to continue/next, on one hand—on

the other hand, for one thing—for another thing, one—another, some—others—still others

7，举例关系:

such as, for example, for instance, of these/those/them, among these/those/them, to

illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely

8，总结关系:

in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, altogether, to sum up, to summarize, to

conclude, to generalize, to put it in one word

翻译技巧

技巧之一：“定语从句”的翻译

总的原则: ”长后短前” (和主句比)

类定语从句:1)、限定性 (没逗号);2)、非限定性 (有逗号).

1)、限定性定语从句:A. 较短 --- 直译为前置定语, 并加”的”;

e.g. It is the book which interets me.这是一本我感兴趣(的)书.

B. 较长 --- 译为另一个分句, 重复先行词;

e.g. They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.

他们正在为实现一个理想而努力, 这个理想是每个中国人所珍惜的, 在过去, 许多中国人曾为这个理想牺牲了自己的生命.

(重复先行词”理想”)

2) 非限定性定语从句:

A. 较短 --- 直译为前置定语, 加”的”;

e.g. But Miggle's laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.

但是米格尔富有感染力的笑声打破了静默.

B. 较长 --- 译为并列分句, 重复先行词或用代词替代.

e.g. I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.

我把这件事告诉了约翰, 约翰(他)又告诉了他的弟弟.

(重复先行词约翰或用代词”他”替代)

技巧之二：“同位语从句”的翻译

四种翻译方法:

1)、译为独立的句子;

2)、“名转动, 从变宾”;

3)、 “这、那复指”;

4)、主谓词组作定语.

1)、译为独立的句子:

适用条件: 同位语较长, 或以插入语形式出现,或同时满足以上两者.

解决办法: 把同位语从句译为独立的句子, 用”认为……”, “就是……”, “即……”, 冒号, 破折号或括号等引出.

e.g. My grandfather was obviously wrong in his opinion that a woman`s place was in the home.

我祖父的观点, 即所谓女人的位置应该在家里, 很明显是错误的.

2)、“名转动, 从变宾”:

适用条件: 先行词在主句中作宾语.

解决办法: 把同位语从句修饰的名词转译为动词, 而把同位语从句译成宾语.

e.g. He expressed the hope that he could visit our city again.

他希望他能再次访问我们的城市.

3)、 “这、那复指”:

适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.

解决办法: 先把同位语从句的内容翻译出来,在后面用”这”或”那”等代词复指同位语从句的内容, 使其与句子主体连接起来.

e.g. The dictum that the style is the man is known to most of us.

文如其人, 这句名言为我们大多数人所熟悉.

4)、主谓词组作定语:

适用条件: 先行词在主句中作主语.

解决办法: 把同位语从句翻译成主谓词组, 放在先行词前面充当定语.

e.g. Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.

然而, 从一开始, 我仍然活着的事实就被忽略了.

技巧之三“定语转译”

1) 定语转译为谓语(动词):

e.g. Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.

中子的质量(是)略大于质子的质量.

2) 定语转译为状语:

适用条件: 定语所修饰的名词或名词性词组在主句中作为动词或介词的宾语出现.

e.g. Scientists in that country are now supplied with necessary books, equipment and assistant that will ensure success in their scientific research.

两种译法:

1) 定语从句”长后短前”译法(重复先行词):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 这些将保证科研工作的成功.

2) “定语转译”译法(转译为目的状语):现在已给该国科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手, 以保证科研工作的成功.

技巧之四：“后置定语的翻译”

总的原则: “英语定语多后置, 汉语定语多前置” 最常见的两种长后置定语的翻译方法:

1) 介宾形式的长后置定语;

2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语.

1) 介宾形式的长后置定语:

适用条件: 由多个介宾短语并列构成, 通常为了符合英文的行文习惯, 介宾短语表示的范围一般为由小到大.

解决方法: 按照汉语的行文习惯, 变换顺序为由大到小.

e.g.1 In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp (of the basic features) (of the Canadian Constitution) can do a competent job on political stories. (2007年, 49题)

e.g.2 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration (of rules) (of conduct) (in business).（2006年, 49题)

e.g.3 But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding (of the established conventions and special responsibilities) (of the news media.) (2007年, 48题)

2) 非谓语动词形式的长后置定语:

适用条件: 由非谓语构成的短语结构, 其逻辑上的主语就是被修饰的名词性结构.解决方法: 将其单独译为一个分句, doing表示主动/正在, done表示被动/完成,to do表示意愿/将来.

e.g.4 On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge (made by some of his critics) that,while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.(2008年, 48题)

技巧之五：“宾语从句的翻译”

总的原则: 英文中的谓语动词、非谓语动词和介词都可以带宾语, 也都可以带宾语从句.最常见的两种宾语从句类型:

1) 普通宾语从句;

2) it作形式宾语的宾语从句.

1) 普通宾语从句:

一般不改变原句顺序, 即采用 “顺译法”.

e.g.1 I don`t know how he swam across the river.我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的.

e.g.2 They believe that they will surely win the game.他们相信他们肯定会赢得这场比赛.

e.g.3 He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others.

他再三提醒大家, 决定这件事的不只是他一个人, 还有其他许多人.

2) it作形式宾语的从句:翻译时it一般不必译出, 而真正的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序译出, 即采用 “顺译法”.

e.g.4 I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o`clock in the morning.我向他们讲得很清楚, 他们必须在上午十点之前提交论文.

但有时候, 考虑到汉语的表达习惯, 译文中需要将真实宾语提前:

e.g.5 I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.

被选中参加会议, 我感到很荣幸.

采用此种译法时, 有时需要用“这”, “它”等对真实宾语进行重复.

e.g.6 We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.

打开国门, 实行开放, 我们认为这是绝对必要的. (it翻译为“这”)

技巧之六：“表语从句的翻译”

总的原则: 名词性从句的一种, 既可顺译, 也可逆译, 既可以与主句译为一个共同的简单句, 也可以单独译为一个分句, 要根据具体语境判断.

1) 与主句合译为一个简单句:

e.g. Time factor is what we have to take into consideration.时间因素是我们不得不考虑的.

2) 单独译为一个分句:

e.g. The question which worries everyone today is how long will these fuels last.

今天人人都担心的问题是: 这些燃料能用多久.

几种常见表语从句类型:

1) that (this) is why…:解决方法:

a) 如果采用顺译法, 可译为 “这就是为什么… (的缘故)”;

b) 如果采用逆译法, 可译为 “…的原因就在这里”, “…的理由就在于此”.

e.g.1 That is why practice is the criterion of truth and why the standard of practice should be first and fundamental in the theory of knowledge.

所谓“实践是检验真理的标准”, 以及所谓“实践的标准应该是认识论首要的和基本的观点”,(这两种观点的理由)就在于此.

2) this (it) is because:

解决方法:此句型一般采用“顺译法”, 可译为“这是因为…(的缘故)”.

e.g. This is because the direct current flows in a wire always in one direction.

这是由于直流电在导线中总沿着一个方向流动的缘故.

3) this is what:

解决方法:

a) 如果采用 “顺译法”, 通常译为 “这就是… (的内容)”;

b) 如果采用 “逆译法”, 通常译为 “…就是这个道理”.

e.g. This is what we have discussed today.这就是今天我们讨论的内容.

4) this (that) is where:

解决方法:

a) 如果采用“顺译法”, 通常译为“这就是…的地方”;

b) 如果采用“逆译法”, 可译为“…的地方就在于此”.

e.g. This is where I disagree with you.这就是我不同意你的地方.

技巧之七：“同位语 + 后置修饰结构”

总的原则: 此结构中同位语一般为一个单词, 而后置修饰语的结构一般都比较复杂, 可以是定语从句, 也可以是分词或不定式结构.

(05年, 47题, 48题).

解决方法:将这种结构译为一个独立的分句, 同位语在分句中作主语或宾语.

e.g.1 You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply changing their habits and hunting by day.

也许你会说这是他们自己造成的问题, 通过改变生活习性在白天出来捕食, 它们可以轻松解决这一问题.

e.g.2 And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the country-side because it was initially “too quiet”, an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels.

我们大多数人都有过这样的经历: 如果在深山或者乡村睡觉, 必须作一些调整才能睡得着, 因为这些地方起初“太安静”了. 这一例子说明人类有能力去适应各种不同程度的噪音.

技巧之八：“名词转译为动词”

总的原则: 英语多用名词少用动词;汉语多用动词少用名词.

1) 英语中由动词派生的名词和具有动作意义的名词, 很多时候可以转译为汉语中的动词:

e.g.1 Rocket have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙.

e.g.2 The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing.

看到我们的喷气式飞机, 听见隆隆的机声, 我感到特别神往.

2) 英语中有些表示职业的名词(通常后缀为-er), 有时在句中并不表示身份和职业, 而是含有较强的动作意味或说明具有某种品质, 在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时, 往往可译为汉语中的动词.

e.g.1 As a successful career woman, she is also a good cook.

身为一名成功的职业女性, 她做菜也做得很好.

e.g.2 Some of my classmates are good singers.我同学中有些人唱歌唱得很好.

技巧之九：“状语的翻译”

总的原则: 状语两大类: “从句类” ; “非从句类”

最常见的两种非从句类型:

1) 副词作状语;

2) 短语作状语 (介宾, 不定式).

总的处理原则:

1) 副词作状语 (较短):直接译为汉语中的状语.

2) 短语作状语 (较长):将其译为一个分句.

e.g.1 With a slight gesture she summons the Indian boy standing behind her chair, and whispers to him.

她向站在她座位后面的印度男仆微微作了个手势, 示意他过来, 对他耳语一番.

e.g.2 Flooded with calls, the company is maximizing profits by handling in city runs.

叫车的人太多了, 公司便只接来往于市内的生意, 这样可以使利润最大化.

技巧之十：“状语从句的翻译”

总的原则: 状语从句分为两大类:

“while型”和“非while型”.

while引导的让步状语从句:

(状语从句翻译中的难点)

(2007, 50题; 2009, 48题; 2008, 48题;)

难点: 判断while的不同含义.

While I admit I did it, I didn`t intend to.尽管我承认是我做的这件事, 但我并不是有意的.

“非while型”的两种基本翻译方法:

1) 顺译法;

2) 逆译法.

1) 顺译法:

e.g.1 When the storm had passed, we continued our way.

暴风雨过后, 我们继续赶路.

e.g.2 We can chop and change till we get someone who suits.

我们可以变来变去, 直到我们找到一个合适的人.

2) 逆译法:

起因: “英语状语多后置, 中文状语多前置”.

方法: “颠倒顺序(为了符合中文习惯)”

e.g. The students stood up before the teacher had come in.老师还没进来学生就站起来了.

技巧之十一：“非谓语动词作状语”

总的原则: 非谓语动词包括不定式, 动名词和分词, 非谓语结构在句中可作除谓语之外的多种句子成分. 其中非谓语动词作状语时, 其功能相当于状语从句, 修饰谓语动词.

解决方法:与状语从句一样, 非谓语结构也可以用来表示时间, 原因, 结果, 条件, 让步, 方式等. 翻译时可译为一个分句, 并可增译相应连词来表明其与主句之间的逻辑关系.

e.g.1 Coming from Iran, I have a keen interest in Middle Eastern science.

因为我来自伊朗, 所以对中东的科技有浓厚的兴趣.

e.g.2 Managed badly, email can be a waste of valuable time.

如果管理不当, 电子邮件会浪费我们的宝贵时间.

技巧之十二“被动语态的翻译”

总的原则: 英语多被动, 汉语少被动.

最常见的两种翻译方法:

1)直译为汉语的被动句;

2)转译为汉语的主动句.

1) 直译为汉语的被动句:

适用条件: 着重表达被动含义的英语被动句.

解决方法: 直接翻译为汉语中的被动句, 汉语中表达被动意义的语言工具主要有”被, 受, 遭, 让, 给, 由, 把, 得到,受到, 加以, 得以, 为…所, 由…来”等

e.g.1 The minister was found to have appropriated government money.

部长被发现挪用公款.(部长挪用公款被发现.)

e.g.2 He was praised by his teacher.他得到了老师的表扬.(他被老师表扬了.)

e.g.3 Problems should be resolved in good time.

问题应及时加以解决.(问题应得到及时解决.) (问题应被及时解决.)

2) 转译为汉语的主动句 (六种译法):

A. 保存原句主语;

B. 原文主语转译为宾语;

C. 增译主语;

D. 译成汉语”无主句”;

E. 译成汉语”判断句”;

F. 被动句型”It + 被动语态 + that”的翻译.

A. 保存原句主语:

适用条件: 主语为无生命的名词, 且句中不出现由by引导的行为主体.

解决方法: 被动句主语直接变为主动句主语.

e.g.1 Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.

水能从液体变成固体.

B. 原文主语转译为宾语:

适用条件1): 句中由by引出动作的施动者.

适用条件2): 介词短语构成的状语引出施动者.

解决方法: 施动者变主语, 原主语变宾语.

e.g.2 Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.这种化学反应能放出热和光.

e.g.3 Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country.

我国已将通讯卫星用于实况直播.

C. 增译主语:

适用条件: 句中未出现表示行为的主体.

解决方法: 适当增添一些泛指性的主语, 如”人们”、”有人”、”大家”、’’我们”等.

e.g.4 The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.

人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索.

D. 译成汉语”无主句”:

适用条件: 有些被动句不需要或者无法说出行为的主体.

解决方法: 翻译成汉语中的”无主语句型”, 原句中的主语译成宾语.

e.g.5 Measurements have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading.

已经采取了措施防止这种流行病的蔓延.

E. 译成汉语”判断句”:

适用条件: 有些被动句不突出强调被动动作,而着重对事物的状态、过程和性质等加以描述, 其作用与”主系表”结构类似.

解决方法: 翻译成汉语中的”判断句”, 经常采用”是…的”句式.

e.g.6 Printing was introduced into Europe from China.

印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的.

F. 被动句型”It + 被动语态 + that”的翻译:

适用条件: It作形式主语, that引导的从句是真正主语.

解决方法: 1) 增译泛指性主语, 如“我们”, “人们”, “大家”, “有人”等等.

2) 译成无主语的汉语句子.

e.g.7 It is stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas: natural science and social science.

有人强调说, 科学的范畴可以分成两个主要领域: 自然科学和社会科学.

e.g.8 It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation.

应该指出, 这一过程就是氧化.

技巧之十三：“形式主语”的翻译

总体原则:

先译真实主语, 后译形式主语. (“先真后假”)

三种方法:

1) 按原句顺序翻译;

2) 增译主语;

3) 调整语序.

1) 按原句顺序翻译:

两种情况:

A. 真实主语是”不定式短语(to do)”或”动名词

短语(doing sth.)”, 整句可译成无主语的句子.

e.g. It is no exaggeration to say she is the best mother in the world.

可以毫不夸张地说她是世上最好的母亲.

B. 真实主语为一个从句, 可将形式主语和谓语译为一个短语, 而将主语从句译为句子的主干.

e.g. It goes without saying that these waves travel at the speed of light.

显然, 这些波是以光速传播.

2) 增译主语:

适用条件: 形式主语部分为被动句.

解决办法: 根据句意或上下文增译出主语, 或增译泛指性主语”我们”、”人们”、”大家”、”有人”等等.

e.g. It was incorrectly believed that current flowed from positive to negative.

人们错误的认为电流是由正极流向负极的.

3) 调整语序:

适用条件: 真实主语为主语从句或其他较长的结构时.

解决办法:

A. 将真实主语恢复到主语位置.

e.g. It was rather hard to bring up the child on her own.

她独自一人抚养孩子十分不容易.

B. 有时为了说明强调并使汉语句子通顺, 可对主语进行重复.

e.g. It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.

驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后竟然还活着, 这简直难以置信.

技巧之十四：“比较结构”的翻译

总体原则: 比较结构多英式思维, 很难字面翻译.

解决方法:熟记含义的前提下灵活运用.

more than:

1) more than + 名词/动名词/名词性从句:

译法: "不仅仅, 超过, 不同于"

e.g. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.

刻意练习不仅仅是简单的重复一项任务.

2) more than + 动词:

译法: "不仅仅, 岂止是, 极大地, 十分的"

e.g. They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries.

他们可以教得很好, 而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水.

3) more than + 形容词/副词:

译法: "非常, 不止于"

e.g. I am more than willingly to go out with you.

我非常愿意和你一起出去.

4) more than + 从句:

译法: "并非, 不是"

e.g.1 At least you enjoy yourself, which is more than I did.

至少你玩儿得很开心, 但是我却没有.

e.g.2 The beauty of Chengdu is more than words can describe.

成都的美是语言不能形容的.