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四级翻译备考

时间:2015-12-12 20:52:10    下载该word文档

四级翻译备考

. 四级翻译评分标准

二. 阅卷员的评分细则

在确定分数档之后,阅卷员需要通过对考生翻译中的语法、用词以及拼写错误进行量化,然后扣分,最终决定考生的翻译分数。对阅卷员来说,语法错误是最为明显、也最为容易控制的评分(扣分)手段。

范例:

CET-Translation-3 (2015.6)

在西方人心目中,和中国联系最为密切的基本食物是大米。长期以来,大米在中国人的饮食中占据很重要的地位,以至于有谚语说“巧妇难为无米之炊”。中国南方大多种植水稻,人们通常以大米为主食;而华北大部分地区因为过于寒冷或过于干燥,无法种植水稻,那里的主要作物是小麦。在中国,有些人用面粉做面包,但大多数人用面粉做馒头和面条。

15分(译文准确表达了原文的意思。用词贴切,行文流畅,基本上无语言错误,仅有个别小错

The basic food most closely connected with China in the Western mind is rice. Rice has long occupied an important place in the Chinese diet, so important that a proverb goes like this: even the most capable housewife can’t cook without rice. Farmland in southern China is mostly planted with rice and it is the staple food for people there. Much of North China, however, is either too cold or too dry to grow rice, and the main crop there is wheat. Some Chinese use wheat flour to make bread, but the majority of Chinese use it to make steamed bread and noodles.

14分(译文基本上表达了原文的意思。文字通顺、连贯,无重大语言错误

In the eyes of the Westerners, the basic food which is most associated with China is rice. Rice has played such an important role in Chinese diet for a long time that there’s a proverb which goes, “Even an experienced housewife can’t prepare for a meal without rice”. Rice is grown in most parts of Southern China, and people there usually regard rice as their main food; while most places in Northern China are too cold or too dry to produce rice, and the main product there is wheat. In China, though some people use flour to make bread, most people use it to make steamed buns and noodles.

11分(译文基本上表达了原文的意思。文字通顺、连贯,无重大语言错误

In the eyes of western people, the basic food that has the closest relationship with China is rice. For a long time, rice plays an important role in Chinese people’s daily food and drinks. Therefore, there’s even an old saying that “No matter how good her cooking skill is, a woman will have trouble making dinner without rice.” In South China, people mainly cultivate rice and usually feed on rice. While in most regions of North China, rice can’t grow well because of the cold or dry weather, so wheat becomes the main crop there. In China, some people make bread with flaours, but most Chinese people use them to make mantou and noodles.

8分(译文勉强表达了原文的意思。文字勉强连贯:语言错误相当多,其中有一些是严重错误)

In the heart of the western people, the basic food which is most closely related to China, is rice. During a long period of time, rice plays a important role in the food of Chinese. So as to coming a saying, “Good wife can not cook without rice”. In the southern China, people plant rice and eat it as main food. While in the most part of northern China, due to the fact that it is too cold or too dry, people can’t plant rice, instead they plant wheat as main crop. In China, some people use the wheat powder to make breads, but most people use the wheat powder to make Mantou and noodles.

5分(译文仅表达了一小部分原文的意思。用词不准确,有相当多的严重语言错误

In the western’s eyes, rice is the basic food which has the most closed connection with China. from long on , rice plays a vital role in Chinese dieting, so that it said that a clever wife can’t cook without rice. In southern China, wheat is planted almost every farm and people feed on rice. However, because of the cold and dry climate in north of China, wheat is not suit to plant. Rice is undoubtably the main crop there. In China, some people make breads out of rice powder while most of people use it to make Mantou and noodles.

2分(译文支离破碎。除个别词语或句子,绝大部分文字没有表达原文意思

In west people eyes, the rice is contact tight with Chinese livings. As long time, the rice take an important site in Chinese eating. So there is a words as “no rice, no delicious”. In China South, people often eat as rice, because the district is suitable for rice; but for most north areas, the weather is too cold or spyth to root rice, and there main food is corn. In China, some people make cake based on corn, while most people use corn for nuddle and Man Tou.

三.四级翻译的备考

大学英语四级翻译试题涉及的文体,主要是介绍类和论说类短文。从题材上看,主要涉及文化、经济、科技、旅游、环保、教育等。从内容上看,主要涉及饮食差异、动物保护、旅游休闲、教育公平问题、快递服务行业的发展等方面,并未涉及任何专门学术领域的知识。

1. 考前准备

四级考试要求学生忠实且准确地译出原文,不需要华丽的语言及修辞,因此做到“信”和“达”是得分的关键。但翻译是与实践联系极为紧密的一项技能,要做好四级翻译并拿到高分,必须要 懂“熟能生巧”的道理,平时多注意语言学习的不断积累、训练和总结。在有限的时间内,可以在手机上订阅China Daily手机报,此外可以订21st Century等报纸,一方面加大阅读量,一方面可以试着翻译上面的短文。

除了多练多译以外,必要的语法知识和句子结构分析能力也是翻译长句、难句的关键。

2. 考中发挥

翻译的步骤:通读全文,理解汉语表达语义及意境;分析语法结构;选词表达;检查语言错误。

1) 翻译前

拿到题目时,不要急着动笔翻译,应仔细通读全文,熟悉短文的题材并理解原文的内容,了解自身是否拥有与选材相关的背景知识储备(有没有相对应的英语关键词?有没有可供使用的句型套用?)

从宏观上把握整个段落后,再开始逐句分析(主要分析句子是简单句还是复合,哪些复合句可以拆分成操作相对简单的简单句)。

可以先从汉语段落的动词入手,确定句子的谓语动词,然后确定句子主干或主句(将从句统一看为一个“单位1);接着再确定修饰成分(定语、状语、补语等考虑是用副词、形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词还是各种从句来表达。

2) 翻译时

将汉语的句子主干转换成英语常见的“主++宾”、“主++表”或者是“There be”句型。

如:中国应进一步发展核能,因为核电目前只占其总发电量的2%

首先,“因为”引导的是一个原因状语从句,先把它看成“单位1”,句子的主干是“中国发展核能”。

因此句子的框架结构就是:

China should _____ develop nuclear energy, because单位1.

其次解析从句单位1的主干:“核电占2%”。即:

because nuclear power accounts for 2%...

最后,将剩下的“定状补”加上,得到:

China should further develop nuclear energy, because nuclear power at present accounts for 2% of its overall generating capacity.

再如:通过阅读,人们能更好地学会感恩、有责任心和与人合作,而教育的目的正是要培养这些基本素质。

首先,“而”后的句子,我们可以将其看成一个非限制性定语从句“单位1”,主句的主干是“人们学会···”

因此句子框架结构是:

… people can learn…, which…

其次,解析非限制性定语从句“单位1”的主干:“目的是要培养···”,转换成英语即:

which the education intention is to foster.

最后,将余下的“定状补”加上:

By reading, people can better learn to be grateful, responsible and cooperative, which the education intention is to foster.

3) 翻译后

翻译完毕后一定空余出5分钟时间来检查自己的译文,最需要仔细检查的几个部分,主语和谓语动词的是不是一致的(有没有主语是第三人称,谓语没有加s),时态的错用(有没有全文都是在用一般现在时,偶然有一个句子用的过去时),名词的单复数(根据汉语体会哪些词是讲的“···们”,哪些词必须要加上s或者es),单词拼写等。

3. 翻译的技巧

1) 结构增补

e.g. 中国有13亿人口,占全球的五分之一。

1China has a population of 1.3 billion, accounting for one-fifth of the world.

2China has a population of 1.3 billion, accounting for one-fifth of the population of the world.

有时,即便是把原文中的每一个词都按照语法规则翻译成英语,译文意义和结构依然会不完整(由于汉英语言和语言使用差异产生)。出现这种情况就得根据意义和结构将英语中缺少的那部分给加上。

如例所示,汉语有“承前省略”的语言使用习惯,因此“占全球的五分之一”实际指的是“占全球人口的五分之一”,由于前句已经出现了“中国人口”,因此省略“人口”。但英语语言使用中不能出现“承前省”,在翻译时需要加上“人口population

2) 语义增补

e.g. 上海的优势在于科技实力。

1The advantage of Shanghai lies in its scientific and technical strength.

2The advantage of Shanghai lies in its advanced scientific and technical strength.

有时候,将汉语句子正确无误地翻译完毕后,意义表达虽然没有大得问题,可以让人理解,但为了更清楚更完整地表达原文的意思,需要适当增加一些在原文中看不到的词语。

如例所示,虽然译1的翻译在语法上、词汇上都没有大的问题,但在语义表达上不符合逻辑,科技实力一定是先进的才能被称为实力,因此加上“advanced”才更能表达出汉语句子的意义。

3) 词语删减

e.g. 我们必须培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。

1We must cultivate the ability to analyze problems and solve problems.

2We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.

有时,将原文中的所有词句都按照顺序翻译出来会让译文显得累赘、啰嗦,此时为了语言表达的准确、简练需要将累赘啰嗦的部分去掉。

如例所示,原文中出现了两次“问题”,但翻译时不需要将俩个“问题”全都翻译出来,译2显然要比译1简练。

4) 直译和意译

e.g. 虽受国际金融风暴影响,但依然能够保持8%的高增长。中国犹如中流砥柱

1Affected by the international financial turmoil, China still maintains an 8% high growth rate. China is such a strong and firm rock in the midstream.

2Affected by the international financial turmoil, China still maintains an 8% high growth rate. China is such a positive force in the world economy.

在翻译过程中,经常会遇到汉语熟语这样的情况,面对熟语如果记忆中有现成的、恰当的语言表达是最好的,但大多数时候,这样完美的对等很难找到,这时需要根据熟语所在的语境,舍弃它的外表形式,只将其意义通过意译的方式表达出来。

如例所示,虽然译1将原文的基本含义表达了出来,但放在英语语境中,这样的翻译会让人摸不到头脑,尤其是对于不熟悉中国熟语文化的外国人;而译2中虽然看不到石头和河流的字眼,但其表达的含义确更加完整清晰。

5) 词性转换

e.g. 大熊猫(giant panda)是一种温顺的动物,长着独特的黑白皮毛。

1Giant panda is a kind of tame animal growing unique black and white fur.

2Giant panda is a kind of tame animal with unique black and white fur.

翻译中,由于汉语重动词表达是“动态语言”,英语重名词表达是“静态语言”,因此在翻译中要根据实际语境需要将某些词的词性进行调整,换成不同词性甚至不同的词来表达。

如例所示,译1中用动词growing表达原文的“长着”,虽然在语法上也是正确的,但不符合英语的表达规范,将growing换成with意义相同,且符合表达规范。

6) 语态转换

e.g. 这些资金用于改善教学设施、购买书籍,使16万多所中小学受益。

译:The fund was used to improve education facilities and buy books, and over 160 thousand pupils and high school students have gained benefits from this.

e.g. 换句话说,核能是可以安全开发和利用的。

1In other words, we can develop and use the nuclear energy safely.

2In other words, the nuclear energy can be exploited and utilized safely.

汉语语言使用中比较少用被动语态,而在英语中被动语态却非常常用。在翻译过程中,遇到带有表达被动意义的标记(例如,被,用于,为……所等)时,需要将看似主动的汉语句子转换成英语中的被动语态(如例1所示)。

有时,虽然汉语句子中没有这些标记性词汇,但是主语在实际上是谓语动词的动作承受者,而不是执行者。动作执行者并未出现。这种句子结构上为主动句,而含义上是被动句。这一类被动句在汉语中大量存在,英译时一般也要用被动语态来处理(如例2所示)。

7) 长句拆分

e.g. 中国南方大多种植水稻,人们通常以大米为主食;而华北大部分地区因为过于寒冷或过于干燥,无法种植水稻,那里的主要作物是小麦。

译:Farmland in southern China is mostly planted with rice and it is the staple food for people there. Much of North China, however, is either too cold or too dry to grow rice, and the main crop there is wheat.

虽然汉语句子的特点是短小精悍,但是不排除在四级作文的某些正式文体中出现长句的可能,面对长句在保证意义完整、表达准确清晰的前提下,一口气用一个英语句子去表达是最好地选择,但大多数情况下是不存在这种可能的,因此我们需要根据语境和汉语句子的词义,适当地将其中某些句子从大橘子中拆分出来,分别表达。

如例所示,汉语原文是一个60字的超长句子,但是其中的“;”告诉我们这里可以有一个拆分、断句。

注意:在翻译的过程中,如果汉语原文中的从句太多,自己对从句的把握又没有很到位时,也可以采取句子拆分的手段,将其中的从句拆下来,逐个翻译表达。

感谢同学们五周时间的陪伴和坚持!你们其中有些同学的作文水平已经有了突飞猛进的提高,希望这次辅导班结束后你们还能再坚持两周时间,熬到1219号那天。我的QQ永远为你们开放,随时发作文,发翻译,我一定尽快给大家评阅!

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