英汉翻译教程

张培基

第一讲 翻译原则简介

一、教学目的：了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题

二、教学过程：

1．翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation）

Translation is an art/ science/craft?

2． 中国几位翻译家的理论（influential translation principles）：

严复：信达雅--- faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.

傅雷：神似---spiritual conformity. Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original.强调原作神韵再现。

钱钟书：化境---sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.

刘重德：信、达、切---faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.

3．中国翻译史上的论争：

鲁迅：宁信而不顺---rather to be faithful than smooth。 目的：引入英文句式的表达法

梁实秋、赵景深：宁顺而不信---rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可读性强，便于交流。

4．直译与意译：

直译---literal translation 意译：free translation

直译的例子：crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪; armed to the teeth武装到牙齿; chain reaction连锁反应; gentlemen’s agreement君子协定; one country, two systems 一国两制;

The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流; paper tiger 纸老虎; Breath one’s last---断气; go to one’s external rest---安息; the long sleep---长眠; see Marx 见马克思;

Go west 上西天; go to heaven 上天堂; blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡

kick the bucket 蹬腿: You can kick everything but you can not kick the bucket

直译不等于死译(dead translation):

街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生：Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.

“In the street” should be replaced by “in the community”.

她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹：She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. Public father should be father in law.

意译的例子：It rains cats and dogs / at sixes and sevens /Adam’s apple

句子比较：Little fish does not eat big fish

直译：小鱼不吃大鱼 意译：胳膊拧不过大腿

试译：天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福：

直译：Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.

意译：The weather and human life are both unpredictable

有人说，翻译是带着镣铐跳舞（translation is like dancing in fetters）；还有人说，翻译像女人，忠实的不漂亮，漂亮的不忠实。实际上，忠实与通顺的关系是辩证关系。

5．归化与异化（domestication/adaptation or foreignization / alienation）

归化的翻译在理论上是把语言看作交际工具；在实践上，强调通俗易懂，避免多义或歧义。习惯认为，当原文与译文之间因文化差异而出现不能通达的情况时，“要用译语文化替代原语文化”即把在译语中找不到对等的外语词汇改头换面，或套用译语中与之相似的现成的表达法，把它们变成读者熟悉的译语文化形象。

归化派代表人物尤金•奈达（Eugene A. Nida）: Functional Equivalence 功能对等

What is functional equivalence?

“The receptors of the translated text could respond to it with comprehension and appreciation in essentially the same manner and to the same degree as the original receptors of the message”;

“Translation should arouse the same feeling in its receptors as the feeling of the readers of the original”---- Nida

For instance: as white as snow 通常译为白如雪 / 但没有见过雪的人可以将其翻译为“白如白鹭毛”，以达到功能对等的目的。

Spring up like mushrooms---雨后春笋

Everybody's business is nobody's business. 三个和尚无水喝

Among the blind the one -eyed man is king. 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王

然而，翻译负有文化交流的使命，即尽可能把一个民族的语言和文化习惯介绍给另一个民族。鲁迅先生就特别强调译文要“保留原文的丰姿”。 在南京大学姜秋霞教授举办的一次翻译调查中，多数读者认为，读异国文学是为了欣赏异国作品特有的韵味和语言风格，他们在读译文之前就已经对不同文化的差异有了一定的心理准备，有些人读译文的目的之一是想了解外国人与中国人之间的异同究竟在什么地方。因此，从促进世界文化交流这个角度上讲，我们在处理英译汉或汉译英时，都应着力于全面、完整地向译语读者介绍对方(己方)的全部意蕴，包括文化。特别要强调的是，在汉译英中，我们尤其要树立这种文化意识，积极创造条件，弘扬中华文化，帮助英语读者扩大加深对中华文化的了解。异化的翻译无疑在文化交流方面起了巨大的作用。

异化派代表人物韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）:

All roads lead to Rome: 条条大道通罗马 不能译成：殊途同归

To teach one’s grandmother to eat eggs: 教老祖母吃鸡蛋 不能译成：班门弄斧

班门弄斧：show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter.

Hence：

Make hay while it is sunshine: 不能译成：趁热打铁

If I slapped someone, He would see the way to Cracow: 要是我给谁一巴掌，准会把他扇到克拉科去。不能：一巴掌扇到西天去。

武松要吃酒，哪里听他人发说，一转身道：“放屁！放屁！”pass your wind/sheer nonsense

6．段落翻译练习：

沿着荷塘，是一条曲折的小煤屑路。这是一条幽僻的路；白天也少人走，夜晚更加寂寞。荷塘四面，长着许多树，蓊蓊郁郁的。路的一旁，是些杨柳，和一些不知道名字的树。没有月光的晚上，这路上阴森森的，有些怕人。今晚却很好，虽然月光也还是淡淡的。

Beside the lotus pond there is a small tortuous cinder path. This is a secluded road even by day, more isolated still at night. Around the pond, there are many trees rich in leaves, lush and green. There are some willows along the path, and some trees whose names I do not know. When there is no moonlight the road and pond have a haunted disconcerting feel to them. Tonight is not bad, even though the moon looks pale.

第二讲 翻译的过程

一、教学目的：怎样去理解和表达；学会表达的基本策略。

二、教学过程：

1．理解与表达：

He found them pushing needles, thread, pots, pans, ribbons, yarns, scissors and buttons to house wives.他发现他们在向家庭主妇推销针头线脑，锅碗瓢盆。 （国外没有瓢）

改为：他发现他们在向家庭主妇推销针线，锅罐，绸带，剪刀和钮扣。

Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗?

It is an order from President Bush/ I don’t care if it is from bush, tree, or grass.

这是布什总统的命令，管他什么布什，布头儿，布片儿，我才不在乎呢。

The old man’s heart missed a beat when he saw the pearl.

这位老人一看到这颗珍珠高兴得连心都跳不过来。

A good dancer never missed a beat.善于跳舞的人从不漏跳一拍（总能跟上节拍/总能采对步点）

If we don’t hang together, they shall hang us separately.

咱们要是不摽到一块儿，保准会吊到一块儿。我们不紧紧团结一致，必然一个个被人绞死。

我们必须共赴沙场，否则就得分赴刑场。

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

世间有这样一条公认的真理，凡财产丰富的单身汉势必缺少太太。

She is pregnant/ she is very pregnant. 她怀孕有段时间了。

Gonna fight with me? Tell’em I am read for it. I am always ready for it.

想和我打架？告诉他们我奉陪，我随时奉陪。

Even the pine logs which burned all day in the fireplace couldn’t keep my little house warm and dry.火炉里整天烧着松柴，还不能使我的小屋子温暖和干燥？（可我的小屋还是又冷又潮）

He was glad because he couldn’t have to send me away without buying anything.

他总能买点什么让我带走，这令他很高兴。

The market in China is an almost bottomless pit.

中国的市场几乎是个无底洞。/ 中国的市场无限巨大。

2．切不可望文生义

If not： ( possibly, perhaps)

In Europe, Hitler’s name was well known, if not a household word.

在欧洲，希特勒的名字纵使不是家喻户晓，也很响亮。/ 在欧洲，希特勒的名字广为人知，也可以说家喻户晓。

Such a mistake could cost us thousands, if not millions of pounds.

这种失误能够造成我们几千磅，或许几百万磅的损失。

Not to say: indeed or possibly, even。

It is warm, not to say hot. 天气很暖和，甚至有点儿热。

The answer is illogical, not to say totally wrong.答案不合逻辑，甚至是完全错误的。

It would be unwise, not to say stupid to leave your first job after only six months.

初次工作刚六个月就想辞掉它，这样做很不明智，甚至可以说很愚蠢。

3. 习惯与表达

Anna was thin and black, a very umbrella of a woman.

安娜是一个又瘦又黑的女人，上身粗大，下身细长。简直像一把雨伞。 改正：安娜是一个又瘦又黑的女人，活像一把细长的黑雨伞。

It was a cold winter day. 这是个寒冷的冬日。

Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract from more than a decade. 十多年来，失业一直顽固地拒绝压缩（F）/ 失业人数总是减不下来，已经十多个年头了。

4. 段落翻译练习：

曲曲折折的荷塘上面，弥望的是田田的叶子。叶子出水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙。层层的叶子中间，零星地点缀着些白花，有袅娜地开着的，有羞涩地打着朵儿的；正如一粒粒的明珠，又如碧天里的星星，又如刚出浴的美人。微风过处，送来缕缕清香，仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。这时候叶子与花也有一丝的颤动，像闪电般，霎时传过荷塘的那边去了。叶子本是肩并肩密密地挨着，这便宛然有了一道凝碧的波痕。叶子底下是脉脉的流水，遮住了，不能见一些颜色；而叶子却更见风致了。

Above the winding lotus pond, leaves with quartered lines fill my eyes. Leaves are high above the water, like the skirts of slim dancing girls. In those layers of leaves, dotted with white flowers here and there, some are gracefully in bloom, some shyly in bud, like scattered pearls, like stars in the clear sky, like beautiful girls just after a bath. Where gentle winds pass, there are wisps of light perfume, like faint songs coming from distant high buildings. At this moment, there is a tiny thrill between the flowers and leaves, like lightning, streaking across the lotus pond suddenly. Leaves are shoulder to shoulder, closely standing together, now there is a patch of green water. Water is flowing silently under the leaves, it is hidden, no color can be seen, but more charming are the leaves.

月光如流水一般，静静地泻在这一片叶子和花上。薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘里。叶子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样；又像笼着轻纱的梦。虽然是满月，天上却有一层淡淡的云，所以不能朗照；但我以为这恰是到了好处——酣眠固不可少，小睡也别有风味的。月光是隔了树照过来的，高处丛生的灌木，落下参差的斑驳的黑影，峭楞楞如鬼一般；弯弯的杨柳的稀疏的倩影，却又像是画在荷叶上。塘中的月色并不均匀；但光与影有着和谐的旋律，如梵婀玲上奏着的名曲。

Moonlight is like flowing water, pouring peacefully onto the leaves and flowers. Filmy mists rise in the lotus pond. The leaves and flowers are as if washed in cow’s milk, like a dream covered with light yarn. Although it is a full moon, there is a thin layer of cloud in the sky. The moon cannot get through to give full light. But I think it’s just about perfect- although sound sleeps are necessary, naps also have a special flavor. Moonlight is passing through trees. Bushes from higher ground cast irregular black shadows, like ghosts. The beautiful shadows of bending willows are sparsely drawn on the lotus leaves. Moonlight in the pond is not even, but lightness and shadows are in harmony, like sublime music played on a violin.

第三讲 英汉词汇现象的对比

一、教学目的：了解英汉两种语言表达的不同，词汇对应与不对应等情况。

二、教学过程：

1. 中西思维的差异导致语言的差异：

思维与语言的关系犹如母与子的关系。先有人类思维后有语言、图画、音乐等外在表现形式。Language serves as dress of thought/Thoughts are always expressed by words /Without thinking，language would be meaningless

那么，思维又是如何作用在语言形式上的呢?通过研究可知：思维---表现法---语言具体形式。中国自古以来就是传统的农业大国，即所谓“靠天吃饭”。农业、土地与民生息息相关，所以就形成了“天人合一”这一中国文化的精髓。即把人与自然视为和谐统一的整体，人类文化与天命自然统一。

The Taoist notion Of following nature is closed related，as in other naturalistic movements，to the idea of fate.

这种中国文化的最高境界使中国人习惯于崇尚自然、行于自然；不违天命、顺其自然的处世哲学和宿命论，即Let things remain as they are.而在人与天地万物协调共存的世界中，则存在着循环往复、生生不息的发展变化。美国人说这是moving in endless circles and repeating it over and over again。中国的儒家与道家哲学就深深体现了这种观点。如“道生一、一生二、二生三、三生万物，万物归于道”等，这就是汉民族的循回式思维方式，比如在语言表现法中有回环式：“人不犯我，我不犯人”，及递进式表达：“道高一尺，魔高一丈”。所以，中国人表达事物总是按时间和事理发展顺序由因到果、由先到后、由大到小进行阐述，这种思维模式可称为具体一般型表达(Particular-General Pattern)。习惯于问题解决型模式(Problem-solution Pattern)，它们不仅在语言上如此，在文化艺术、经济活动中也都占有统治地位。也就是说中国人擅长具象思维。西方人恰恰相反，他们一向将人与自然分隔开来，认为思维是独立于自然之外的客观事物，讲究“人物分立”，人能够通过斗争征服自然、改造自然。从美国前总统里根(Ronald Reagan)说过的一句话之中我们就可见一斑：

I do not believe in fate that falls on us no matter what we do，but，1 do believe in fate that will fall on us if we do nothing.我不相信，无论我们做什么，我们的命运都一样；但是我相信，如果我们什么都不做，我们的命运是一样的。

也就是说，He wants us to believe in the struggle，not in the fate.诸多此类像美国人热衷于job-hopping(跳槽)，美国人的梦想便是being a self-made man from rags to riches。再比如，从东方人与西方人做事的动因也可以发现：

The Chinese is always described as a person who does things because they have been done before. And the Americans a person who does things because they haven’t been done before.中国人做一件事是因为这件事以前有人做过；美国人做一件事是因为这件事以前从未有人做过。Americans love to try something new mostly because of a belief that newer maybe better.美国人喜欢尝试新事物，很大程度上因为他们认为更新的可能是更好的。

通过研究可知，英语自莎士比亚时代以来有很大发展。英语被誉为理性语言，这与欧美哲学较早与改造、征服自然的科学技术相结合，特别是培根和洛克等一代启蒙哲学家恪守的客观形式化方法(即逻辑论证)很有关系。

British people love science and technology because these fields of study bring the excitement of new discovery. 英国人热爱科学技术因为它能带来新发现，是改造自然、征服自然的最有力武器。

The love of change is closely tied to faith in improvement.培根思维精深周密；洛克的哲理明豁通达，对英语影响极深。“哲学思辩”(Speculative Philosophy)使他们将英语化为对人类经验(物理变化经验、感觉经验、价值经验)理性构建的精辟描述。从语言学角度来说，培根和洛克等一代理性主义哲学家实质上为英语作了科学规范，以至被称为：“King’s English'’。综上所述，我们不难理解：西方人的思维模式是一般具体型思维，擅长抽象思维，总是先概括后分解、先表态后叙述、先总结后事例、先整体后细节，由果到因、由小到大等。众所周知，地名的叙述便为一例。由于中西思维模式的迥异，说话的语序就存在很大区别，所以中国式英语频繁出现。试举例说明：

我原先打算七月一日去香港旅游，后来不得不取消，这使我很扫兴。

中国学生就常按中文语序脱口而出，使语义重心落在后面。实际上，按英语思维习惯应先概括，将语义重心放在前面，然后分解开来，所以应翻译成It was keen disappointment that I had to cancel the visit I had intended to pay to Hong Kong On July 1St.

再看下面典型的例句：

“在全球经济事务中，中国应继续保持一个积极而充满活力的力量，我坚信这是符合我国利益的。”让我们看英语的语序：I strongly believe that it’s in the interests Of my countrymen that China should remain an active and energetic power in global economic matters.由此可见，汉语是按时间顺序和逻辑发展关系由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到论证，而英语则相反。

2. 英汉词语完全对应（word for word correspondence）

Aspirin； Marxism； Capitalism； modernism.

3. 英汉词语部分对应 (one word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning )

Wife: 妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆；

president: 总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、社长；

Morning: 早晨、上午

部分对应造成翻译时的选择，如对于morning 的翻译：

Late in the morning 接近晌午/ Early in the morning 一大早；

而mid-morning 等最好用时间表示：

Mid morning: 上午十点左右 Mid-afternoon: 下午三、四点

In the middle of next week: 下周三前后

4. 英汉词语不对应 (words without correspondence ):

Teenager: 13至19岁的青少年 Clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人

Prey: 被捕食的动物 Porridge: 牛奶燕麦粥（Combination of milk and oatmeal）

Individualism 个人主义 IT Dink=double income no kids 丁克家族

5. 汉英表达尽量简洁（Brevity）

Any person leaving litter about instead of putting it in this basket will be liable to a fine of 5 pounds. 任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个筐内而任意乱扔的人将处于罚款5英镑。

废物入筐，违者罚款5磅。

Clothes or no clothes, I can read you like a book. 不管你怎样伪装，我都能看透你。

6．形合和意合（hypotaxis and parataxis）

例如：Don’t come in until I call you. 我叫你再进来。

条件：if it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 明天不下雨，我们就去公园。

时间：He has never been back to Beijing since he left it five years ago.

离开北京五年了，从未回去过。

结果：he read so fast that we could not hear it clearly. 他读的太快，我们听不清楚。

原因：It must have been done by you since only you stayed in the classroom last night.

昨晚你在教室，肯定是你干的。

转折：it is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person’s nature.

江山易改，禀性难移。

对比：the future is bright while the road ahead is tortuous.道路是曲折的，前途是光明的。

Shanghai was once paradise for the capitalists but hell for the laboring people.

上海是资本家的乐园，劳动群众的苦海。

If you confer a benefit, never remember it, if you receive one, remember it always.

施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。

我们过了江，进了车站，我买票，他忙着照看行李。

张培基：we entered the railway station after crossing the River. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage.

杨宪益：we crossed the Yangze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage.

7．段落翻译练习：

江南的春天素称多雨，一落就是七八天。住在上海的人们，平日既感不到雨的需要，一旦下雨，天气是那么阴沉，谁也耐不住闷在狭小的家里；可是跑到外面，没有山，没有湖，也没有经雨的嫩绿的叶子，一切都不及晴天好；有时阔人的汽车从你身旁施过，还得带一身污泥回来。

Spring in the south is known to be rainy. During this season, it never rains there but it remains wet for seven or eight days on end. Dwellers in Shanghai, who usually do not feel the need for rain, will be bored with having to confine themselves in their close quarters when outside it is gloomy with rain. While in the open, seeing to mountains, nor lakes, nor rain-drenched soft green leaves, you’ll find nothing comparable to a fine day. Sometimes, worse still, a rich man’s car flashing past may splash you all over with mud.

　　第四讲　词义的选择，引伸和褒贬

一、教学目的： 要求准确理解句子中词的意义， 从而在翻译时做出正确的选择。

二、教学过程：

词义的选择：

        英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属

于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义。一词多义就是说同一个词在同一个词类中，又

往往有几个不同的词义。在英汉翻译过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后就要善于选择

和确定原句中关键词的词义。选择和确定词义通常从以下几个方面着手：

1。根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义

       选择某个词的词义，首先要判明这个词在原句中应属哪一种词类，然后再进一步确定其词义。例如，在Like charges repel; unlike charges attract 一句中，like用作形容词，它的汉语

对应意义是“相同的”，因此全句可以译为：“相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸”。

但在下面例句中，like又分属其他几个不同词类：

   1)   He likes mathematics more than physics.

           他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。（动词）

  2)   In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like  gold.

          在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发光。（前置词）

 3)   Like konws like.

        英雄识英雄。（名词）

2。根据上下文联系以及词在句子中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义

       英语中同一个词，同一词类，在不同场合往往也有不同的含义，必须根据上下

文的联系以及词的搭配关系或句型来判断和确定某个词在特定场合下所应具有的词

义。例如“Last”这一形容词：

   1)   He is the last man to come.

          他是最后来的。

   2)   He is the last man to do it.

           他绝对不会干那件事。

   3)   He is the last person for such a job.

            他最不配干这个工作。

   4）He should be the last(man)to blame.

            怎么也不该怪他。

   5)  He is the last man to consult.

          根本不宜找他商量。

    6)  This is the last place where I expected to meet you.

           我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。

再如“take （off）这一动词：

    1)  To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her,but it had been an agony

           for years.

           脱鞋或穿鞋对她是一种痛苦，但这已经是多年以来的痛苦了。   

    2)  An area the size of the Hornet's flight deck was marked off on an airstrip and they

          practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space.

          在机场上标出了与大黄蜂号甲板一样大小的一块地方,他们（机组人员）一

          次又一次地联系从这样一块有限的面积上起飞。

     3)  He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to

take off.

           他工作的时候，总是坐在椅子边上，好象随时都会跳起身来的样子。

     4)  Their first major design was a pleated denim jean with external pockets dubbed

           "baggies" that took off in high schools and colleges and soon was imitated by other

            apparel manufacturers.

            他们的头一项重要设计是一种打褶的、缝上明袋的兰色斜纹粗布裤，这种

            裤子人们称为“袋子”，在中学和大学中首先流行，接着别的服装商店也都很

            快仿制起来。

词义的引伸

       英译汉时，有时会遇到某些词在英语词典上找不到适当的词义，如任意硬套或

逐词死译，会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至造成误解。这时就应根据

上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引伸，选择比较恰当的汉

语词来表达。现举例说明如下：

1。将词义作抽象化的引伸

       英语中，特别在现代英语中，常常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、

一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一般可将其词义作抽象化的引伸，译文才能

流畅、自然。

  1.1   将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词

  1) There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.

       帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。

这里把tiger（老虎）和ape（猿）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：

“残暴”和“狡猾”。

   2) Every life has its roses and thorns.

     每个人的生活都有甜和苦。

这里把roses（玫瑰）和thorns（刺）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性

：“甜”和“苦”。

 1.2   将带有特征性形象的词译为该形象所代表的概念的词

   1) In fact the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the            

1920s that Hitler's storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930...

    事实上，在整个二十年代，纳粹党在巴伐利亚一带已博得公众的好感，以至于在一九三O年，希特勒的冲锋队员就耀武扬威地夺取了菲尔特镇的权力。

To goosestep 是从名词Goosestep（鹅步；正步）转化来的动词，本作“鹅步走”或“正

步走”解，这里goosestepped into根据例句上下文引伸为“耀武扬威地夺取”。

  2) See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous ,the news for the next four weeks            

       was never distinct.

在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。

see-sawing是从see-saw（跷跷板）转化而来的动词，本作“玩跷跷板”解，这里根据上下文引伸为“两种情况不断地交替出现”。  

2. 将词义作具体化的引伸

 2.1 英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引伸。

 1)  As the Politburo gave the go-ahead to Brezhev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in the    President's Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT.

 在政治局向勃列日涅夫开放绿灯时， 尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林宫的总统下榻处开会，准备承受限制战略武器会谈失败的挫折。

 2)  Vietnam was his entree to the new Administration, his third incarnation as foreign policy  consultant.

越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。

 2. 2  英语中有些词在特定的上下文中，其含义是清楚的，但译成汉语时还必须作

具体化的引伸，否则就不够清楚。

 1)  The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.

       我前头的那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。

 2)  Jewish-owned shops were shut down.Swastikas replaced sixpointed stars. The walls

of   anti-Semitism were closing in.

       犹太人的铺子关闭了。卐字旗取代了六角星旗。反犹太主义的包围圈一天紧似一天。

词义的褒贬

       语言本身虽没有阶级性，但在具体使用时不可能不为一定的阶级服务。为了忠

实于原文的思想内容，翻译时必须正确理解原作者的基本政治立场和观点，然后选

用适当的语言手段来加以表达。原文中有些词本身就表示褒贬意义，就应该把褒贬

意义相应地表达出来；但也有些词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的，译成汉语时就要根

据上下文恰如其分地把它们的褒义或贬义表达出来。

 1. 英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时就应相应地表达出来，如：

     1) He was a man of high renown (fame).

          他是位有名望的人。（褒）

     2)  His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death .

          他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开的。（贬）

     3) The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.

           他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。（褒）

     4)  Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.

           亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话。（贬）

     5)  "He was polite and always gave advice willingly," she recalled.

            她回忆说，“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。”（褒）

     6)  We were shocked by his coarse manners.

            我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。（贬）

2. 英语中有些词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或贬义，但在一定的上下文中

可能有褒贬的意味，汉译时就应该用具有褒贬意味的相应的词来表达，如：

  2.1 需要用褒义的词来表达

    1)  Once early in 1974,while driving along the San Diego Freeway from Clemente to Los

Angeles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions.

  一九七四年初，有人同他一起驱车从克利门蒂沿圣地亚哥公路去洛杉机，途中请他谈

了他的希望和抱负。

     2)  "After all," counseled Sonnenfeldt, "you're the only Republican I know with the proper  academic credentials. "Kissinger demurred. Such an offer, he said, was highly unlikely.

                索南费尔特劝他"说，“共和党里我知道只有你一个人具有这适当的学术方

               面的条件。”基辛格免不了谦虚一番，说恐怕不大可能给他这样的职位吧。

          3)  The two politicians talked for no more than minutes, at a significant moment in their

               careers.

               两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟。这次谈话是在他们一生事业的重大时刻进

               行的。

         2.2  需要用贬义的词来表达

           1)   He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation.I believe the

                  reputation was not deserved.

                 他是一个正直诚实的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他这个坏名声是不

                 该有的。

           2)  Then, just as Chinese friends arrived who might secure my journey,the Russians

                arrested me as a "spy"and sent me out through Poland.(A.L.Strong)

                后来，就在那些可能为我安排旅行的中国朋友刚刚到达的时侯，俄国人把

                我当作“间谍”而逮捕了我，并把我驱逐出境，取道波兰。

           3)  He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.

                他欺骗了我，是我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。

           4)  As a demanding boss,he excepted total loyalty and dedication from his employees.

                他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。

           5)  Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it .

               凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。

第五讲 词法和句法的差异

一、教学目的：主要了解英汉句子构成的差异，学会基本的转换方法。

二、教学过程：

1. 词的搭配 ( matching of words)

（1） Cut wheat / cut cake/ cut finger-nails

（2）炉子着得很旺

The fire is burning briskly in the stove.

她着凉了

She has caught cold.

你猜着了

• You have guessed right.

• 老李躺下就着了

• Lao Li fell asleep as soon as he lay down.

• 他走错了一着

• He has made a false move./ take a wrong step

• 这些孩子穿着整齐。

• These children are all neatly dressed.

• 这些措施都着眼于进一步解放生产力。

• All these measures are aimed to further emancipating the productive forces

• (3) Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer

• fuel up on: 加燃料于… 一些美国人越过国境线，只是为了吃些可口的墨西哥食物，喝点美味的墨西哥啤酒。

2. 词在句子中的位置（Order of words in the sentence），以副词为例。

• (1) .The cruel murder of the patriots has understandably aroused worldwide indignation.

• 残酷杀害爱国志士激起了全世界人民的义愤，这是可以理解的。

• (2). He also concluded that insight into prehistoric cultures should ideally proceed from knowledge of living cultures.

• 他还得出这样的结论：要对史前各种文化有深刻的认识，应从了解现存的种种文化着手，这是最理想的方法。

• (3). A certain number of characteristic errors have been pointed out by linguists and can be usefully recalled at this point.

• 语言学家已指出一定数量的典型错误，如今回顾一下，不无裨益。

3. 句序（sentence order）

• (1)．汉语按照时间先后。

• I went out for a walk, after I had my dinner.

• The “purely spoken ”examples need to be written down before it is possible to examine them in detail.

• 那些纯粹口头的例子需要先写下来，然后才可能加以仔细研究。

• The government would wait a month or two before deciding their next move.

• 政府将在一两个月后再做出下一步的行动。

• (2)．英语复合句--------------汉语简单句

• While we were operating the machine tools, we were very careful.

• 我们在操纵机床时非常小心。

• I have no idea when my Denis will be back?

• Who made the cake is unknown.

• (3). 英语复合句--------------汉语复合句

• It worries her mother much that her daughter often stays up so late.

• 女儿经常熬夜，这让妈妈很担心。

• 4．被动----------主动

• She did not wish to be troubled .

• Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.

• 防腐的新措施已引起了关注。

4. 英语句子结构转换：

• (1)．英语简单句------------汉语复合句

His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free College of the City of New York.

• 由于在中学成绩优异，他进入了免费的纽约市立大学。

• Father’s falling ill worried mother.

• 父亲病了，这让母亲很着急。

• The pursuit of science withdraws a scientist’s interest from external things.

• 科学家因潜心于科学研究，所以没兴趣关注外界的事情。

• Firemen battled against the flames for several hours before getting them under control.

• 消防队员同火搏斗了几个小时才控制了火势。

• (2)．逻辑关系，汉语“因”前“果”后。

• He would be a rash man if he should venture to forecast the results of this event.

• 如果有人敢于预言此事的结果，那他定是个鲁莽之徒。

• He who would eat the nut must first crack the shell.

• 要吃核果，必先敲果。

4. 思维差异　

All the irregularities of the students in that university resulted in punishment.

那所大学的学生做出的任何越轨行为 / 违纪行为都会受到处罚。

Whether such a fine literary effort made by a woman writer exists, I can not say, if it does exist, it’s unknown to me.

女作家能否写出如此绝妙的作品来，我不能肯定，也许能，只是我不知道。

三、段落翻译练习

这里宝玉悲恸了一回，忽然抬头不见了黛玉，便知黛玉看见他躲开了。自己也觉无味，抖抖土起来，下山寻归旧路，往怡红院走来。可巧看见林黛玉在前头走，连忙赶上去，说道：“你且站住。我知你不理我，我只说一句话，从今以后撂开手。”林黛玉回头见是宝玉，待要不理他，听他说“只说一句话，从此撂开手”，这话里有文章，少不得站住说道：“有一句话，请说来。”宝玉笑道：“两句话，说了你听不听？”黛玉听说，回头就走。宝玉在后面叹道：“既有今日，何必当初！”林黛玉听见这话，由不得站住，回头道：“当初怎么样？今日怎么样？”

When Baoyu recovered sufficiently to look up she had gone, obviously to avoid him. Getting up rather sheepishly, he dusted off his clothes and walked down the hill to make his way back again to Happy Red Court. Catching sight of Daiyu ahead, he overtook her.

“Do stop!” he begged. “I know you won’t look at me, but let me just say one word. After that we can part company for good.”

Daiyu glanced round and would have ignored him, but was curious to hear this “one word, ” thinking there must be something in it. She came to a halt.

“Out with it.” Baoyu smiled.

“Would you listen if I said two words?” he asked.

At once she walked away. Baoyu, close behind her, sighed. “Why are things so different now from in the past?”Against her will she stopped once more and turned her head.

“What do you mean by ‘now’ and ‘the past’?”

第六讲 加注和释义法

一、教学目的：了解在翻译时可以采取不同的策略，加注和释义法适用的情况。

二、教学过程：

1．Annotation　加注法:

You told me the other day that you weren’t going to write anything about yourself. It would be rather like a dog in manger to keep to yourself a whole set of material that you have no intention of using.前些日子，你告诉我你自己不打算写有关他的任何东西，可你却又占着大批材料自己不用，这岂不是狗占马槽太自私了吗？

A dead leaf fell in Soapy’s lap. That was Jack Frost’s card.

一片枯叶飘落到苏比的膝头。那是杰克弗罗斯特的名片。

But I am short-tempered, frazzled from all responsibilities. I am the “Sandwich Generation”, caught between kids and parents.但我的脾气不好，都是这些事给烦的。我是个夹在孩子和父母之间的“三明治人”。

People considered that what he had played on that occasion was no more than a Judas Kiss. 人们认为他在那种场合所表现出的不过是犹大之吻，居心险恶。

The favors of Government are like the box of Pandora, with this important difference that they rarely leave hope at bottom.

政府的恩惠如同潘多拉的盒子，后患无穷， 主要的不同之处是：盒底很少留有希望。

The professor rapped on his desk and shouted: “Gentlemen, order!” the entire class yelled, “Beer!”　

教授敲着桌子喊道“先生们，安静！”　全班同学回应“啤酒！”

再如：Why a river is so rich?

The answer：Because it has two banks.

What usually happen to a lawyer after his death?

The answer：He lies still.

2．Paraphrase释义法：

Bill’s new boyfriend is certainly a knockout.

比尔新结识的女朋友确实很迷人。（源于拳击比赛）

Our team won the game, all right, but it was touch and go for while.

我们队赢了，但又一阵子险些输掉。（千钧一发的形势）

I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse.

He acts a lot older than his years.

他年纪轻轻，做事却相当老练。

His best jokes fell flat.

他那些最逗人的笑话不灵了。

He was smooth and agreeable.他待人处事，八面玲珑。

Arthritis runs in my family, and my mother had struggled with severe arthritis for decades.

关节炎在我家族里世代相传。我母亲患了严重的指关节炎后，在痛苦中煎熬了几十年。

The more you try to hide, the more you are exposed.欲盖弥彰。

He was smooth and agreeable.

他待人处事，八面玲珑。

If you think me in a way to be happier than I deserve, I am quite of your opinion.

如果你认为我的幸福来之容易，受之有愧，那我完全同意你的看法。/不配获得这样的幸福.

Nothing, whether a weighty matter or small detail, was overlooked.

事无巨细，无一遗漏。

“Getting an agent is catch-22,”Hoffman says, “You can’t get one unless you’re published and you need one to get published.”

要找个出版代理商真是比登天还难，霍夫曼说，你要是没有出版过东西，那就别想找到代理商；可要出版东西，又非要找个代理商不行。第二十二条军规：不可逾越的障碍；由于一套本身不合逻辑的规则或条件而不可能获得期望的结果或解决方式的情形。

三、诗歌翻译练习：

小时候，乡愁是一枚小小的邮票，我在这头，母亲在那头。

长大后，乡愁是一张窄窄的船票，我在这头，新娘在那头。

后来啊!乡愁是一方矮矮的坟墓，我在外头，母亲在里头。

而现在，乡愁是一湾浅浅的海峡，我在这头，大陆在那头。"

When I was a child, my homesickness was a small stamp

Linking Mum at the other end and me this.

When grown up, I remained homesick, but it became a ticket

By which I sailed to and from my bride at the other end.

Then homesickness took the shape of a grave,

Mum inside of it and me outside.

Now I'm still homesick, but it is a narrow strait

Separating me on this side and the mainland on the other.

第七讲 词类转换

一、教学目的：了解和掌握翻译中词类的活用情况，以便在翻译时采取灵活的策略。

二、教学过程：

1. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.

火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

2. The sight and the sound of jet planes filled me with longing.

看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的机声，我感到心驰神往。

3. The streets are marked by an absence of color.

• 街上明显缺乏色彩。

4. We are enemies of all wars, but above all of dynastic wars.

• 我们反对一切战争，特别是王朝战争。

• 5. After several blocks, he found an empty park bench.

• 过了几个街区，他发现一条公园里的长凳，空着没人坐。

• 6. Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.

• 党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住的是冰冷的窑洞，点的是黯淡的油灯。

• 7. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.

• 学习中的独立思考是绝对必要的.

• 8. I saw that his face was pale. I followed his eyes and looked across the room to a woman who was setting a tray of drinks before some customers.

• 我见他脸色煞白。 我循着他的目光，看到餐厅那边有个女人端着托盘给几位客人上饮料。

• 9. He is sitting behind a beer。

• 10. Father passed his hand over his face。

• 父亲用手摸了摸脸。

11．Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.

他们之间一直有着传统的友好关系

12. The girl impressed her boyfriend’s relatives favorably with her vivacity and sense of humor.

这个女孩以她的活泼和幽默感给她未婚夫的亲戚们留下了极好的印象。

• 13. We find that in building socialism we have to overcome a combination of national poverty and a deeply ingrained belief that an individual can lift that burden from himself and his children by acquisition of personal wealth.

• 我们发现，在建设社会主义的过程中，我们在克服国家贫穷状况的同时，必须克服一种根深蒂固的思想，这就是认为只要个人发财致富就能使本人和子女摆脱贫困。

• 14. A week after his prelude to the President’s visit, China was in.

• 在他为总统出访所作的序幕之行一周后，中国成了最时新的话题。

• 15. I mumbled an embarrassed “no, thank you” and thrust my misshapen hands into my lap.

• 我窘迫地咕哝一声“不用了，谢谢您”，同时把我那双变形的手缩回放在膝上。

• 16. As a result of those economies, many of our most important new projects in other fields became possible.

• 由于采取了这些节约措施，我们在其他方面的许多最重要的新工程才得以实施。

• 17. The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity.

• 设计的目的在于自动操作，调节方便，维护简易，生产率高。

• 18. Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.

• 这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强

• 19. 徐悲鸿画马画得特别好.

• Xu Beihong’s drawings of horses are exceptionally good.

• 20. 这种人闹什么呢?闹名誉, 闹地位, 闹出风头.

• What are these people after? They are after fame, position and opportunity to be in the limelight.

• 21. 该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛, 经久耐用.

• The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability.

三、古文翻译练习:

晋太元中，武陵人捕鱼为业；缘溪行忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林。夹岸数百步，中无杂树，芳草鲜美，落英缤纷，渔人甚异之。复前行，欲穷其林。

林尽水源，便得一山。山有小口，仿佛若有光，便舍船从口入。初极狭，才通人。复行数十步，豁然开朗。土地平旷，屋舍俨然，有良田、美池、桑竹之属，阡陌交通，鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作，男女衣着，悉如外人；黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐。

---------选自陶渊明“桃花源记”

In the years of Taiyuan during the reign of Emperor Xiaowu in the Jin Dynasty, there lived in Wuling a man who made his living as a fisherman. Sailing up a stream one day, he forgot how far he had traveled when all at once he saw a grove of peach blossoms stretching hundreds of paces on both banks of the stream. There were no other kinds of trees but verdant grass in full splendor and angry flowers in profusion. Enticed by the sight, the fisherman sailed on to have a complete view of the grove.

The grove stretched as far as the source of the stream, where the fisherman found a hill with an opening that seemed to be lit within. He left his boat and entered the opening. At first the opening was very narrow, barely allowing him to pass, but as he went on some dozens of paces, a wide view suddenly opened before him. There was an expansive plain scattered with orderly houses, lush fields, beautiful ponds and clumps of mulberry and bamboo trees. Footpaths crisscrossed the fields, where the crowing of cocks and the barking of dogs were heard within distance. The men an women working in the fields were attired in the same manners as the people living outside; both old and young enjoyed a happy life.

第八讲 正反表达转换

一、教学目的：了解和掌握在翻译时正面表达和反面表达的灵活使用。

二、教学过程：

1．英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式　(affirmative in English but negative in Chinese).

You are quite a stranger here.

这儿的人都不认识你．

Free-frost refrigerator

Wet paint!

He yelled “freeze!”

Keep off the lawn!

I failed to understand your meaning.

我弄不懂你的意思。

A person who does a regrettable action is often regretful afterwards.

一个人做了不该做的事， 日后往往会懊悔。

But I could see that my arguments were hopeless. Those pigeons would have to go.

但我发现我的争辩是徒劳的，这些鸽子留不住的。

2. 英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式 (affirmative in Chinese but negative in English).

Where is the wretched girl? Why do you not come when I call you?

这死丫头去哪里了？怎么叫你半天才来？

Pierre: hey, what the…! You old fool.

Lena: don’t talk to me that way! I am not your wife.

皮埃尔：哎，怎么，你这傻女人！

莉娜：嘴里放干净点！我又不是你老婆

The United Nations organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it.

到目前为止，联合国辜负了世界人民寄予的希望。

Such a chance was denied to me.

我没有得到这样一个机会。

I have read your article. I expect to meet an older man.

拜读了你的大作，没想到你这样年轻。

The lecturer spoke above the heads of his audience.

演讲者讲得太深奥，听众听不懂。

I am at my wit’s end to keep this child quiet.

我实在没有办法让这孩子安静下来。

3. 双重否定 (double negative )

There is no rule that has no exception.

任何规则都有例外。

There is not any advantage without disadvantage.

有一利必有一弊。

It never rains but it pours.

不下则已，一下倾盆。

The sea food goes against my stomach.

不合我口味。

His speech leaves no room to improvement.

他的演讲完美之至。

That’s all Greek to me.

这我一窍不通。

The music is like nothing on the earth.

此曲只应天上有

4、一些习惯表达的译法：

Far from:

Your work is far from satisfactory. 你的工作一点儿也不令人满意。

Far from admiring his paintings I dislike them intensely. 我不但不钦佩反而十分讨厌他的画。

Far from advocating nuclear war, China is the only nuclear power to have undertaken never to use nuclear weapons first.中国根本没有鼓吹核战争，是唯一承诺不首先使用核武器的核大国。

Free from:

The Southeast Asian countries want to build a zone of peace, freedom and neutrality, free from any form or manner of interference by outside powers.

东南亚国家要求建立一个和平、自由和中立的地区，不受外来国家任何形式和方式的干涉。

Free from anxiety: 常译为“无忧无虑”；Free from arrogance and rashness.: 不骄不躁。

The vast discrepancies in wealth and standard of living show clearly that such a country can make no claim to be building a state free from the exploitation of the laboring masses.

财富与生活水平悬殊的差别清楚地表明，这样的国家不能自称为是在建设一个劳工大众不受剥削的国家。

人人有不挨饿的权力。Every person has the right to be free from hunger.

如果你有小汽车，就不用去坐火车或挤公共汽车。

If you have a car, you are independent of trains and buses.

Too…to 不要总译为 “太。。。以致”

He is too exited to speak. 他激动得说不出话来。

In the past few years, some countries had strikes too many to list.

在过去几年中，有些国家里的罢工多得不胜枚举。

This book contained too much gossip, too many distortions and falsehoods to warrant comment.

这本书里无聊的话太多，歪曲和弄虚作假之处太多，不值一评。

The military structure of the puppet clique is getting too broken to be propped up.

这个傀儡集团的军事结构太支离破碎了，无法把它支撑起来。

Notice: he is too ready to speak. 他太喜欢讲话。

I am only too delighted to accept your kind invitation.我接到你的盛情邀请太高兴了。

Teachers are but too glad to sing with students.教员非常高兴和学生一起唱歌。

Not too… to相当于 not so …that …not…/ 而too… not to…等于so…that…cannot but

We are never too old to learn.我们不至于老得不学习。/我们活到老，学到老。

A teacher should not be too proud to learn from his students.教师不应骄傲得不向学生学习。

He was too experienced not to know it.等于he was so experienced that he cannot but know it.

他很有经验，不会不知道这点/ 或“他很有经验，一定会知道这点” （不得不，必定）

I cannot but complain about the food. 我不得不抱怨这食物。

Cannot…too…等于it is impossible for us to over+原形动词。如 we cannot praise him too much =It is impossible for us to over praise him.我们怎样称赞他都不会过分。

A book may be compared to your neighbor; if it be good, it cannot last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early.一本书好比你的邻居；如果是好书，读书时间再长也不嫌长；如果不是好书，越早丢开越好。

Not …because

The engine didn’t stop because the fuel was finished.引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转。

Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time.不要因为时间紧而敷衍塞责。

In that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews.我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受歧视。

He didn’t half like the girl.他非常喜欢那姑娘。

I couldn’t feel better. 我觉得身体好极了。

I couldn’t agree with you more. 我太赞成你的看法了。

If that isn’t what I want! 我所要的就是这个呀！

He can’t see you quick enough. 他很想尽快和你见面。

Half, nearly, possible 和 not 用在一起时的理解。

Paper tiger is not half so fierce as it is painted.纸老虎根本不像有些人描绘得那样可怕。

Not half = not at all 又如：The show is not half bad=it is a very good show.

The earth does not pull the kitten to it nearly as much as it pulls a big rock.

地球对小猫的引力根本不像对一块儿巨石那么大。Error=没有近乎像.

His last three novels are not nearly so good as the earlier ones.

他的最后三部小说远远不如早期的几部那样好。

Their views could not possibly be misunderstood.他们的意见根本不会被误解。

Such a state could not possibly have waged war against its neighbor without the backing from other countries. 这样贫穷的国家没有别国的支持，本来根本（或无论如何）不会对它的邻国发动战争。could not possibly用来加强语气，不能译为“不可能”。

第九讲 增词法

一、教学目的：了解和掌握增词法（Amplification）在翻译中的运用。

二、教学过程：

A．根据意义上或修辞上的需要for purpose of rhetoric or coherence

1.1增加动词

根据意义上的需要，可以在名词前增加动词。如果把下面例1中的after the banquets，

the concerts and table tennis exhibition译为“在宴会、音乐会、乒乓球表演之后”，意思似乎

不够明确。如果在词之前增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的动词，译为“在参加宴会、出席

音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后”，形成三个动宾词组，那就意思明确，读起来也较通顺自然，

符合汉语习惯。

1）In the evening ，after the banquets，the concerts and table tennis exhibitions，he would

work on the drafting of the final communiqué.

晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。

2）There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats，no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and banquets of flowers。

没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。

3）Rostow was about to become，for lack of anyone or anything better，a very influential intellectual—the very wrong man at the wrong place with the wrong idea。

因为找不到比他更合适的人，也没有更好的办法，于是，罗斯托就要成为一个很有影响的知识分子，这真是在错误的地方任用错误的人去实行他的错误主张。

4）They had been through it al at his side—the bruising battles，the humiliations of the defeat|…through empty mid-1960s—until at last，in 1968，they were able to savor the sweet taste of triumph。

他们始终站在他的一边，经历过残酷的厮杀，忍受过辛酸的失败，熬过了一事无成的六十年代中期，毫不容易挨到了一九六八年，他们才尝到了胜利的甜头。

2. 增加形容词

1）With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism。

中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！

2）The plane twisted under me，trailing flame and smoke。

（敌人的）飞机在下面螺旋下降，拖着浓烟烈焰掉了下去。

3）O, Tom Canty，born in rags and dirt and misery，what sight is this！（Mark Twain）

啊，汤姆·康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么煊赫啊！

根据原著，汤姆·康第本是个贫儿，穿上王子服装以后，被人认为真是王子，就显得特别煊赫。原文虽无“煊赫”的字眼，但含有此意，所以翻译时应增加上去。以上三例表明，为了意义上或修辞上的需要，有些英语句子中的名词，译成汉语时，可以增加一些适当的形容词。

3. 增加副词

根据原文的上下文，有些动词在一定场合可增加适当的副词，才能确切表达愿意。

1）The crowds melted away。

人群渐渐散开了。

2）As she sat down and began talking，words poured out。

他一坐下来就开始了，滔滔不决地讲个不完。

3）Tremaine sank down with his face in his hands。

屈里曼两手蒙着脸，一屁股做了下去。

4）In the films of those days，all too often it was the same one：boy tractor driver meets girls tractor driver；they fall in love and drive tractor together。

在那时的电影里，总是老一套；南拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机了。

5）He was fascinated by the political processes—the wheeling and dealing of presidential politics，the manipulating，releasing and leaking of news，the public and private talks。

一幕幕政治花招使他看入迷了：总统竞选活动中的勾心斗角，尔虞我诈；对新闻消息的幕后操作、公开发表和有意透漏，以及公开和秘密的谈话。

4. 增加名词

4.1 在不及物动词后面增加名词

英语中有些动词有时用作及物动词，有时用作不及物动词；当它作为不及物动词时，宾语实际隐含在动词后面，译成汉语时往往需要把它表达出来。例如To wash before meal是“饭前洗手”，如果不译出隐含的宾语“手”，译文“饭前洗一洗”的意思就不明确。同样，“To wash after getting up和To wash before going to bed ”也应该分别译为“起床后洗脸”和“睡前洗脚”了。

1）Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia。

玛丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，靠洗衣维持生活。

2）Day after day he came to his work—sweeping，scrubbing，cleaning。

他每天来干活——扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。

3）First you borrow，then you beg。

头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。

4）The lieutenant Grub launched into the old recruiting routine，“See，save and serve！Hannigan， free tour to all the ports in the world。A fine ship for a home。Three meals a day without charge…You must not let such a golden opportunity slip by。”

于是，格拉布上尉开始说起招兵的老一套了：“见见世面，攒点钱，为国家出点力！汉尼根，免费周游世界上所有的港口。一艘上好的船为家，一天三餐不要钱。……你千万不要错过这样的大好机会呀！”

4.2在形容词前增加名词

1）This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine。

这部打字机真是价廉物美。

2）A new kind of aircraft—small，cheap，pilotless—is attracting increasing attention。

一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意——这种飞机体积不大，价钱便宜，无人驾驶。

3）He is complicated man—moody，mercurial，with a melancholy streak。

他是一个性格复杂的人——喜怒无常，反复多变，有些忧郁寡欢。

4.3在抽象名词后增加名词

某些有动词后形容词派生出来的抽象名词，翻译是可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更合乎规范。如：

to persuade 说服 persuasion 说服工作

to prepare 准备 preparation 准备工作

backward 落后 backwardness 落后状态

tense 紧张 tension 紧张状况

arrogant 自满 arrogance 自满情绪

mad 疯狂 madness 疯狂行为

antagonistic 敌对 antagonism 敌对态度

1）After all preparations were made ，the planes were flown across he U.S to San Francisco.

一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。

2) In the summer of 1969, the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.

一九流九年夏天，政府公开缓和与中国的紧张关系。

3) Profanity was tacitly given up.

亵渎神灵的粗话全都心照不宣地不用了。

4.4 在具体名词后增加名词

1）He felt the patriot rise within his breast。

他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。

2）He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge，and declared his own son guilty。

他让法官的确职责战胜父子的确私情，而判决他儿子有罪。

3）Kissinger felt that Rogers was quibbling ，but the lawyer in Nixon supported the quibble of a fellow lawyer。

基辛格感到罗杰斯在挑刺儿。但是，律师事务所出身的尼克松支持他的同行的挑刺儿。

5.增加表示名词复数的词

汉语名词的复数没有词形变化，很多情况下不必表达出来。但要表达指多数人的名词时，可在该名词的后面加“们”字，如“the teachers”“教师们”，或在该名词前家上“诸位”、“各（位）”，如“ladies and gentlemen”诸位（各位）女士和先生“。此外，英语名词复数，汉译时还可以根据情况，增加重叠词、数词或其它一些词来表达。这样做还可以提高修辞效果。

5.1 增加重叠词表示复数

1）Flowers bloom all over the yard.

朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。

2) Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.

记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。

3) There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.

一排排的房子都是他从来没有见过的。

5.2 增加数词或其它词表示复数

1) The lion is the king of animals.

狮是百兽之王。

2）The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.

连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。

3) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.

群山已在山谷里开始蔚蓝色的长影。

4) Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial, expansion under the Tsars.

大部分是在历代沙皇统治下，通过殖民扩张而并入俄罗斯帝国的。

6. 增加表示时态的词

英语动词的时态靠动词词形变化（如write，wrote）或加助动词（如will write，have written）来表达的。汉语动词没有词形变化，表示时态要靠增加汉语特有的时态助词或一般表示时间的词。因此，翻译完成时往往用“曾”、“已经”、“过”、“了”；翻译进行时往往用“在”、“正在”、“着”；翻译将来时往往用“将”、“就”、“要”、“会”、“便”等等。除此之外，为了强调时间概念或强调时间上的对比，往往须加一些其他的词。

6.1 对某种时间概念作强调时，往往要加一些词。

1）I had known two great social systems.

那时以前，我就经历过过大社会制度。

2) The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.

原来老头儿已教会了孩子捕鱼， 所以孩子很爱他。

3) I had never thought I would be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was.

以往我从未想过，当我发觉人们认为我无足轻重时，我会感到高兴。但这次情况确实如此。

4) Whereas Kissinger had once needed Nixon as a channel to power, Nixon now needed Kissinger to help him remain in power.

当年，基辛格需要尼克松的援引而获得权势；如今，尼克松需要基辛格帮他继续掌权。

6.2 强调时间上的对比时，往往需要加一些词

1 )The old man said，“They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are。

老头儿说：“从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许和我们一样穷。“

2 )I was and remain，grateful for the part he played in my release。

我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。

3）The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird。

该高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。

7. 增加语气助词。

汉语中有许多语气助词，如“的”、“吧”、“呢”、“啊”、“呀”、“嘛”、“吗”、“啦”、“了”、“罢了”、“而已”等等。不同的语气助词可以发生不同的作用，英译汉时细心体会原文，增加一些汉语所特有的语气词，可以更好地表达愿作的意义和修辞色彩。

1）Don’ t take it seriously. I’m just making fun of you.

不要认真嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。

2) As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning.

我呢，从一开始就不赞成。

3) They (the eyes) were the same color as the sea, cheerful and undefeated.

那双眼啊，像海水一样的颜色，愉快，毫不沮丧。

4 ) He described it (Latvia)---its forests, its little villages ,its people ,their fierce nationalism---with an eloquence that could arise only out of deep love one’s motherland.

他描绘它（拉脱维亚 ）的风土人情——森林啦、小村庄啦、人民啦、人民的强烈民族主义啦等等，只有深深热爱祖国的人才能说得如此娓娓动听，滔滔不绝。

5) It is entirely possible that things are being done for my release right now and that it takes time to do this.

完全有可能眼下正在想办法使我获释，只不过需要时间而已。

8. 增加量词

8.1 英语中的数词（包括不定冠词a）与可数名词往往直接连用，他们之间没有量词，而汉语往往借助量词。因此翻译时应根据汉语表达习惯恰当地增加表示其形状、特征或材料上的名词量。如：

a bike 一辆自行车 a typewriter 一架打字机

a tractor 一台拖拉机 a mouth 一张嘴

a full moon 一轮满月 a bad dream 一场恶梦

1）A red sun rose slowly from the calm lake。

一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。

2）Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon。

一钩新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云彩里去了。

3）A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river。

一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到江里去了。

4）November26 ：“…Started trying to read a Russian story。Constant use of dictionary and many questions。”

十一月二十六日：“……开始试读一篇俄国短篇小说。词典不离手，问题一大堆。”

8.2 英语中有些动词或动作名词，译成汉语动词时常需增加一些表示行为、动作量的动量词。如have a rest 休息一下；make a stop 停一下，等等。

1）Once, they have a quarrel。

有一次，他们争吵了一番。

2）Herb gave her a sly look。

赫伯狡猾地看了他一眼。

3）I was extremely worried about her，but this was neither place nor the time for a lecture or an argument。

我真替她万分担忧，但此时此地，既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。

9. 增加根据上下文需要及反映背景情况的词

1）In April，there was the “ping”heard around the world. In July, the ping “ponged”。

四月里，全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去；到了七月美国“乓”的一声把球打了回来。

这句如只译为“全四月里世界听到乒的一声；七月里，这乓声却乓了一下”，读者就不只所云。

2）Nixon learned that Ceausescu would welcome a presidential visit。

尼可松了解到，齐奥赛斯库欢迎美国总统访罗。

本句上文曾提到美国总统访问罗马尼亚。

3）Bundy was not considered to have signed on，and it was known that the President was wavering ，that Ball was making his stand。

一般认为，邦迪并没有同意轰炸，总统还在犹豫不决，而鲍尔已明确反对轰炸。

本句上文中提到的是“轰炸”问题，翻译时根据上下文，补充了“轰炸”和“反对轰炸”，意思就比较清楚。

10．增加概括词

英语和汉语都有概括词。英语中的in short, and so on, etc.等等，翻译时可以分别译为“总之”、“等等”……。当有时候英语句子中并没有概括词，而翻译时却往往可增加“两人”、“双方”、“等等”、“凡此种种”等等概括词，同时省略掉英语中的连接词。如：

You and I

你我俩人

The Soviet Union, the United States, England and France

苏、美、英、法四国

militarily, politically and economically

军事、政治、经济等各方面

1) The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages.

美日双方在完全保密的情况下互相交换了信件。

2）It is remarkably clear. It shows streets and factories and a winding river and docks and submarine pens.

它十分清晰，从中可以看出街道、工厂、一条蜿蜒的河流以及码头、潜艇修藏坞等。

3）The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.

论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。

B、根据句法上的需要(for purpose of syntax)

1. 增补原文回答句中的省略部分

1) Is this your book? Yes, it is.

这是你的书吗？是我的。

（Yes, it is = Yes, it is mine.）

2) Rebecca：“What! Don’t you love him (Amelia’s brother)?”

Amelia：“Yes, of course, I do.”

利蓓加：“怎么？你不爱他（爱米丽的哥哥）？”

爱米丽：“我当然爱他。”

（Yes, of course, I do = Yes, of course I love him.）

2. 增补原文句子中所省略的动词

3) Reading makes a full man; conference (…) a ready man; writing (…) an exact man.

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。

4) An Eagle and a Fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the Eagle (…) at the summit of a high tree, the Fox (…) in a hole at the foot of it.

一只鹰和一只狐狸长期友好地住在一起，鹰住在一棵高高的树顶上，狐狸住在树下一个洞里。

5) We don’t retreat, we never have (…) and never will (…).

我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。

6) “No!” Jesse jumped up. “No, I believed that too. But I don’t (…) now. ”

“不！”杰西跳起来了。“不，过去我也是相信的。可是现在，我不相信了。”

7) He remembered the incident, as had his wife (…).

他记得这件事，他的妻子早就记起了。

8) Everything was on a larger scale for him, the highs were higher, the lows (…) lower.

他总是喜欢夸大事实，高的说得更高，低的说得更低。

3. 增补原文比较句中的省略部分

1) The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.

仆人们愿意服侍她，就象他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。

原文全句应是The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were ready to serve their own mistress.

2) Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.

从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。

原文全句应是It is better to be wise by the defeat of others than to be wise by the defeat of your own.

3) I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive and fruitful than others.

我可以对你说-------我这样说没有任何奉承之意-------中国的合作方式比别国的合作方式更有特色，更有成果。

原文全句应是I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive and fruitful than the way of co-operations of others.

4. 增补原文含蓄条件句中的省略部分

1) We didn’t admit it (escape) was impossible. To do so would have been to surrender one of our hopes.

我们认为越狱不是不可能的。如果认为不可能，那就等于把我们仅存的一点希望也放弃了。

2) In agreeing to what was already the status quo, Khrushchev would have had far more to gain than lose.

假如赫鲁晓夫已同意维持现状，对他来说就会是得多失少。

3) At the time of Kennedy’s assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster.

肯尼迪遇刺时，基辛格认为，如果肯尼再任一届总统的话，大概不是立大功，就是闯大祸。

4) He could understand a passive opposition from Kennedy loyalists, but an open one would have dire consequences.

他了解到忠于肯尼迪的那些人在消极反对他，但是如果他们公开反对，那就会产生可怕的后果。

5） But without Adolf Hitler, almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.

然而，如果没有阿道夫•希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国。

补充例句：

Where there is water, there is life。

Now, years later, that evening’s loveliness---I so nearly missed---is one of my most cherished memories.如今多少年过去了，那个我差点失之交臂的迷人夜晚如今却成了我最珍贵的记忆。

When I turned around, John was grinning, expectant, studying my face intently to see if he had pleased me. He had.我转过身，只见约翰正咧着嘴笑，满脸期待的神情；他热切的目光想从我的脸上探明他是否博得了我的欢心。他确实博得了我的欢心。

Long-stemmed models ankled through the lobby. 身材修长的模特儿们袅袅婷婷的走过大厅

Fortune knocks at every man’s door once in a life, but in a good many cases, the man is in a neighboring saloon and does not hear her.每个人的一生中，幸运之神都只来敲一次门，可是许多情况下，那个受到眷顾的人竟在隔壁的酒馆里，听不见她敲门。

The public don’t like him. He’s too quiet for them, that’s the trouble. 大家都不喜欢他，他们觉得他太安静，问题就在这儿.

I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.我希望这次会议不要开得太久，太久了只会浪费时间。

A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories and his conclusion.

科学家经常设法否定自己的假设、推翻自己的理论，并放弃自己的结论。

Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.

不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过多、湿度过大的情况下使用这台电脑。

They could sense her (titanic) mass, her eerie quiet and the ruined splendor of a lost age.

他们能体会到它船体的巨大，感受到它周围的可怕沉寂，领略到因岁月的流逝而造成的凄凉景观。

大作收到，我十分高兴。I was very glad to have received your writing.

没有调查就没有发言权。He who makes no investigation has no right to speak.

三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.

The sky had turned a sullen gray. As he left the park, scattered raindrops felt like slivers of ice.

天空变成阴沉沉的灰色。他离开公园时，零零稀稀的雨点落在脸上，感觉像薄薄的冰片儿。

Since her earliest walking period she had been as the right hand of her mother. What scrubbing, baking, errand-running, and nursing there had been to do she did.

自从她会走路的时候起，她就是母亲的好帮手。擦地板，烤面包，跑差事，喂孩子，样样都是她做的事儿。

New buildings, massive in span and artful in design, have sprung up everywhere. A plethora of stores and shops have sprouted everywhere.一幢幢新建的高楼大厦在各处拔地而起，规模宏伟，设计精美。到处冒出了大大小小的数不胜数的商店。

第十讲　省略法（减词法）

一、教学目的：了解和掌握省略法（omission）在翻译中的运用。

二、教学过程：

省略（omission）是指原文中有写词在译文中译不出来，因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。换言之，省略是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反而嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词。但省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。现从语法角度和修辞角度分别举例探讨省略法：

A. 从语法角度来看

1. 省代词

1.1省略作主语的人称代词

(1) 根据汉语习惯，前句出现一个主语，后句如仍为同一主语，就不必重复出现。英语中通常都有主语，因此人称代词做主语往往多次出现，这种人称代词汉译时常常可以省略。

1) He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable

他消瘦而憔悴，（……）看上去一副可怜相。

2) But it’s the way I am and try as I might , I haven’t been able to change it.

但我就是这个脾气，（……）虽然几经努力，（……）却未能改变过来.

3) They had ground him beneath their heel, they had taken the best of him, they had murdered his father, they had broken and wrecked his wife, they had crushed his whole family.

他们把他踩在脚底下，压的粉碎，他们榨干了他的精髓，（……）害死了他的父亲，（……）摧残了他的妻子，（……）毁了他的全家。

4）Laura wished now that she was not holding that piece of bread-and-butter ,but there was nowhere to put it and she couldn’t possibly throw it away.

这时劳拉宁愿（……）手里没有这块涂上黄油的面包，拿着又没有地方放，（……）又不可能扔掉。

（2）泛指的英语人称代词做主语时，即使是作第一个主语，译文中往往也可以省略。

1) We live and learn.

（……）活到老，学到老。

2) You can never tell.

（……）很难说。

3）Everywhere you can find new types of men and object in New China.

新中国（……）处处可以看到新人，新事物。

4）Even as the doctor was recommending rest ,he knew that this in itself was not enough ,that one could never get real rest without a peaceful mind.

医生尽管建议休息，他也知道休息本身是不够的，如果心情不平静，（……）是休息不好的。

5）All those years in the military, where there were certain standards and rules; where young men treated their superiors with respect; where you gave an order and it was obey; where a uniform meant you were all on the same side.

多年来的军队生涯，那里总是有一定的标准和规则；年轻人尊敬上级，（……）发出命令，人人遵守，同样的制服就意味着（……）站在同一边。

1.2 省略做宾语的代词

英语中有些作宾语的代词，不管前面是否有提到过，翻译时往往可以省略。

1） The more he tried to hide warts, the more he revealed them.

他越是要掩盖他的烂疮疤，就越是会暴露 （……）。

2）She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it.

她轻轻地把手放在他的胳膊上，好象表示感谢（……）。

3）In fact, Hitler’s “blitz” carried him so far, to the very gate of Leningrad by September, a city he was never to seize.

事实上希特勒所进行的“闪电战”曾（……）深入苏境，九月份已直逼列宁格勒-------一座他始终未能攻陷的城市。

1.3 省略物主代词

英语中的物主代词，汉译时往往可以省略，例如I wash my face in the morning, 汉语只需要说“我早上洗脸”，而不必说“我早上洗我的脸”。

1） So the train came, he pinched his little sister lovingly, and put his great arms about his mother’s neck and then was away.

于是火车来了，他爱抚地捏了一下 （……）小妹妹，用（……）两条巨大的胳膊楼了一下（……）母亲的脖子，然后就走了。

2）She went, with her neat figure, and her sober womanly step, down the dark street.

他顺着黑暗的街道走去，显出（……）利落匀称的身材，迈着（……）端庄的女人的步子。

3）She felt the flowers were in her figures, on her lips, growing in her breast.

她觉得（……）手里和（……）唇上都是花儿，（……）胸中也生长着花儿。

4）He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.

他耸耸（……）肩，摇摇（……）头，（……）两眼看天，一句话不说。

2. 省略非人称的或强势句中的it

it也是一种代词，但这里主要是讲它的两种特殊用法，即非人称用和强调用。英语

中这样用的it，汉译时往往可以省略不译。

2.1 非人称it

1）Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.

外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。

2）He glanced at his watch; it was 7:15.

他一看表，是七点一刻了。

3）It was just growing dark, as she shut the garden gate.

她关上园门时，已是暮色苍茫了。

2.2 强势用it

1）It was only then that I began to have doubts whether my story would ever be told.

只是在这个时候，我才开始怀疑，我的经历究竟能不能公诸于众呢！

2）It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house.

他费了不少劲才找到了回家的路。

3）Peter has always enjoyed claiming that it was he and not George, who was the first to reach the summit of the mountain.

彼得一直津津乐道的是，第一个到达山顶的实际上并不是乔治，而是他自己。

3. 省略连接词

汉语词语之间连接词用的不多，其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词语的次寻来表示。英语则不然，连接词用的比较多。因此，英译汉时在很多情况下可不必把连接词译出来。

3.1省略并列连接词

1）He looked gloomy and troubled.

他看上去有些忧愁不安。

2）Despite the privation, and the mounting toll of dead and wounded, however, morale remained intact, and people still smile in the street.

尽管供应不足，伤亡增加，然而士气并未受到影响。街上，人们照常脸有笑容。

3）He considered it (National Security Council) too large and bulky and thus leaky, too many people who talked too much

他认为国家安全委员会机构太庞大，人多嘴杂，容易泄密。

4）Your son or your father or your wife or your cousin or your best friend or your boss or your secretary might be an informer for Heydrich’s organization…

你的儿子，你的父亲，你的妻子，你的表亲，你的好友，你的上司，你的秘书，都可能是海得里希的组织的告密者……

3.2省略从属连接词

（1）省略表示原因的连词

英语因果句中一般用连接次表示原因，而汉语则往往通过词序先后来表示因果关系，“因”在前，“果”在后。因此，英译汉时往往可以把原文中这种连接词省掉不译。

1）We knew spring was coming as (because) we had seen a robin.

我们看见了一直知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。

2）He declined to amplify on the President’s statement, since he had not read the text.

他没有看到总统讲话的文本，不愿意加以发挥。

3）Because the departure was not easy, we made it brief.

告别这件事难受得很，我们就作的简短一些。

表示条件的连接此if，一般译为“假如”、“如果”等，但在日常口语体或文言文结构中，往往可以省略不译。

1）If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

冬天来了。春天还会远吗？

2）If I had known it, I would not have joined in it.

早知如此，我就不参加了。

3）If a spot turned hot, we’d overfly it frequently.

哪个地方乱子激化了，我们就频频飞临该地上空。

4）“You’ve got to be careful of these Eastern lawyers. If you are not careful, they’ll take you and turn you inside out.”

“对这些东部的律师可得提防。一不小心，他们就会抓着你那你整得够戗！”

3.3 省略表示时间的连接词

表示时间关系的when和as等，汉译时一般用“当……时”，或仅用“时”。但如汉语时间先后次序明显，为了简略起见，“当……时”或“时”往往可以省略。

1）John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother.

火车停了，约翰郁郁地站了起来，因为他想起了病中的母亲。

2） When at last he stood upon the bluff, he turned to his little sister and looked upon her sorrowfully.

最后他站到了悬崖上，转过身来，忧郁地看这他的妹妹。

3）He stood there, handsome, reserved----somehow those four stars visible even when he was in civvies.

他站在那里，漂亮而矜持，他穿着便服，然而他那上将的四颗星似乎隐约可见。

4）At long last, on June 6, 1944, after the European war was basically decided Hitler licked, the allies launched their long-delayed western front.

一九四四年六月六日，欧洲战局基本已见分晓，希特勒败局已定，盟军才终于迟迟开辟了西线战场。

4. 省略冠词

英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词，因此，英译汉时往往可将冠词省略。

1）.A teacher should have patience in his work.

当教员的应当有耐心。（省略表示类别的不定冠词A）

2）The horse is a useful animal.

马是有益的动物。（省略表示类别的定冠词The）

3）The moon was slowly rising above the sea.

月亮慢慢从海上升起。（省略表示独一无二事物的定冠词The ）

4）The proletariat and the peasantry must unite !

无产阶级和农民阶级必须联合起来！（省略表示阶级的定冠词The）

5）The girl standing at the window is his sister.

站在窗口的（那个）姑娘是他妹妹。（这里girl后面有定语，定冠词The汉译时可省，可不省。）

英译汉时，省略原文中的冠词是一般情况。但在某些场合，冠词却不能省略，例如：

1）He left without saying a word.

他一句话不说就走了。（不定冠词a或an指“一”时，不能省）

2）Egbert said he was getting a dollar a mile.

埃格伯特说，他（开车）每开一英里就赚一块钱。（不定冠词a或an指“每一”时，不能省）

3）The children are of an age.

这些孩子都是同岁的。（不定冠词a或an指“一”时，不能省）

4）The onlookers saw the little party climb ashore.

看的人只见那一小队人怕上岸去。（定冠词the强调“这”、“那”时也不宜省）

5. 省略前置词

一般说来，表示时间和地点的英语前置词，译成汉语如出现在句首，大都可以省略，出现在句尾大都不省略。

5.1省略表示时间的前置词

1）The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.

一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。

比较：中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。

（前置词译成汉语在句首时可以省略，在句尾就没有省略）

2）In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal.

一九五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。

（英语前置词in译成汉语因在句首，可以省略）

3）The mother sub was cruising near Wake Island on December 2 when we heard hostilities were to begin December 7.

十二月二日我们的母艇正在威克岛附近巡航，这时我们听说战争要在十二月七日打起来。

5.2省略表示地点的前置词

1）Smoking is prohibited in public place.

公共场所不准吸烟。

2）Now complaints are heard in all parts of that country.

该过各地目前怨声载道。

3）Rumors has already spread along the street and lanes.

大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。

表示地点的英语前置词在译文句首往往可以省略，但放在动词后面却一般不省略，如：

1）He stood by the desk.

他站在桌旁。

2）She hid behind the door.

她躲在门背后。

3）I stayed in my brother’s home.

我住在弟弟家里。

汉语文言文中表示地点的介词在动词后面时，一般也不省略，如“鱼跃于渊”（Fish jump in the deep pong）。但在诗词中，则又常常省略，如“鱼翔浅底”（Fish glide in the limpid deep）。又如“两个黄鹂鸣翠柳”中的“鸣翠柳”显然是“鸣于翠柳”（…were twittering among the green willows），但由于七言字数的限制，介词“于”也就省略掉了。

B. 从修辞角度来看

1. 英语句子中有些短语重复出现，英译汉时可按情况做适当省略。

1）University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.

报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。

如果不做省略，译成“报考大学的人，有工作经验的，比没有工作经验的，优先录取”，就显得罗嗦。

2）Instead of one old woman knocking me about and starving me, everybody of all knocked me about and starved me.

那时打我并且使我挨饿的不只是一个老太婆，而是老老少少各式各样的人。

如果翻译成“那时不是一个老太婆打我并且使我挨饿，而是老老少少各式各样的人大我并且使我哎饿”，就不够精练。

3）She curtseyed again, and would have blushed deeper, if she could have blushed deeper than she had blushed all the time.

她又行了一个屈膝礼，因为她的脸一直是涨得绯红的，所以现在也不可能涨的更红了。

此句如果译成“……如果她能比她一直涨的绯红的脸涨的更红，她就会涨的更红了”，叠床架屋，就显得非常罗嗦。

2. 根据汉语习惯，译文中可以省略一些可有可无的词。

1）They could be adapted to the waging of people’s war of liberation but were rather useless in an anti-people’s war.

它们（这些著述）可以用之于人民的解放战争，但对反对人民的战争是无用的。

此句如果译成“……可以用之于进行人民的解放战争……”就嫌累赘，省去“进行”，反觉自然。

2）In twelve Yenan years the Chinese Communists had fitted themselves to the land, the rhythm of its seasons, the mood of its peasants.

十二年的延安岁月，中国共产党人已经适应了当地的风土和季节，也适应了农民的气质。

这里如把the rhythm of its seasons译成季节的“循环”就不符汉语的搭配关系，省去“循环”无损原意。

3）There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the power of nature or the mechanisms of man’s hands and will master them all in the end.

仍然具有这种信念，普通的人要比自然的力量或人类造出来的机器更伟大，而且最终会控制它们。

这里，the mechanisms of man’s hands 不必译为“人类的手造出来的机器”。

4）As scheduled, American and Chinese diplomats met in January 20, at the Chinese Embassy. It was their first get-together in more than two years.

美中两国外交官按照预定计划于一月二十日在（波兰）中国大使馆会晤。这是两年多来第一次。

这里，上句已提到“会晤”，所以下句get-together就可以省略不译了。

5）There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.

天未下雪，但叶落草枯。

如果不省略而译成“……树叶从树上落下来，草也枯死了”，就远不如“……叶落草枯”简明洗练。

补充练习：

University applicants who had worked out at a job would receive preference over those who had not.报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。

But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.

穷人在没有政府资助的情况下也能活得不错，这个事实对多数人来说本身是个巨大胜利

Any excuse will serve if one has not a mind to do it.如不想干，总会找到借口。

But one basic difference of opinion concerns the question of whether or not the city as such is to be preserved.

但是，主要的意见分歧是，像目前这样的城市是否要保存下去。

The problem of alternative fuels of vehicle is one problem we shall approach.

车辆的代用燃料是我们将要着手处理的一个问题。

Standing as it does on a high hill, the church commands a beautiful view.

教堂建在高山上，向下眺望，风景优美。

Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其他环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。［注释］：原文中fact引导的从句是同位语从句，修饰名词fact，在译成汉语时，fact不必译出，因为后面的从句已经揭示了fact的具体含义。同样In spite of the fact that his initial experiments had failed. Prof. White persisted in his research. (尽管怀特教授最初的实验失败了，但他仍坚持研究。)［注意］：英译汉时，有些起语法功能的词常常可以不译，这些词包括：1)作形式主语或形式宾语的it；2)某些物主代词；3)强调句型中的it和表示时间或表示地点的非人称it；4)不影响主句与从句逻辑关系的连接词。请看下面示例：

2) It is the uses to which television is put that determine its value to society. (电视对社会的价值取决于我们怎样去利用它。)

我们党结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。Our party has put an end to the social unrest（不安、动荡） and upheaval(剧变) of that time.

这些都是人民内部矛盾问题。All these are contradictions among the people.

他的朋友听到他家中的困难情况后，都主动伸出援助之手。After his friends heard about her family difficulties, they offered him a helping hand.

省略是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词。但省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。

　　（1）冠词的省略

Because the body’s defense system is damaged，the patient has little ability to fight off many other diseases.

由于人体的免疫系统遭到破坏，病人几乎没什么能力来抵抗许许多多其他疾病的侵袭。

Any substance is made up of atoms whether it is a solid，a liquid，or a gas.

任何物质，无论它是固体、液体或气体，都是由原子构成的。

　　（2）代词的省略

The desert animals can hide themselves from the heat during the daytime.

沙漠中的兽类能躲避白天的炎热天气。

We all took it for granted that he would attend the meeting，but in the end he never turned up. 我们都想当然地以为他会来开会，但直到最后他也没有露面。

　　（3）连词的省略

Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract.

同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。

He looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去有些忧愁不安。

If winter comes，can spring be far behind? 参考译文 冬天来了，春天还会远吗?

　　（4）介词的省略

　Smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场所不许吸烟。

　A body in motion remains in motion unless acted on by an external force.

　如果没有外力的作用，运动的物体仍然保持运动状态。

　　（6）同义词或近义词的省略

Technology is the application of scientific method and knowledge to industry to satisfy our material needs and wants.

技术就是在工业上应用科学方法和科学知识以满足我们物质上的需求。

Insulators in reality conduct electricity but，nevertheless，their resistance is very high.绝缘体实际上也导电，但其电阻很高。

第十一讲 重复法

一、教学目的：了解和掌握重复法（repetition）在翻译中的运用。

二、教学过程：

重复法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的词是上文刚刚出现过的词。翻译和写作一样，本应力求简练，尽量省略一些可有可无的词，但有时为了明确，强调或生动，却往往需要一些关键性的词加以重复。

1. 重复名词

1.1 英语中作宾语的名词

1） Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.

我们来修订安全规则和卫生规则吧

2） I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.

我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障。

3） They begin to study and analyze the situation of the enemy.

他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。

4） Thus, I wrote “Spain in Arms, 1937”and saw china in revolution in 1925-27,and later in war with Japan.

这样，我就写了《战斗中的西班牙（一九三七年）》。我也看到了一九二五年至一九二七年正在革命中的中国，后来又看到了正同日本作战的中国。

1.2 重复英语中作表语的名词

1） He became an oil baron——all by himself.

他成为了一个石油大王——一个白手起家的石油大王

2） This has been our position——but not theirs.

这一直是我们的立场——而不是他们的立场。

3） John is your friend as much as he is mine

约翰既是你的朋友，又是我的朋友。

1.3 重复英语前置词短语前所省略的名词

英语中长重复使用前置词，而将第二个，第三个前置词前的名词省略，翻译时则往往要把此名词重复。

1） The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients.

医生从我身上得到的实践，会比从一千七百个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。

2） the story of Jurgis is a story of groans and tears, of poor human beings destroyed by the capitalist industrial machine.

尤吉丝的故事是一篇充满呻吟和泪水的故事，是资本主义工业机器摧残不幸人们的故事.

3) We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself. The product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.

由此可见，现代资产阶级本身是一个长期发展过程的产物，是生产方式和交换方式的一系列变革的产物。

1.4 重复英语中作先行词的名词

英语定语从句常用关系词引导，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的先行词（名词或代词），一方面在从句中担任一个成分。汉语中没有关系词，往往需要重复这个作先行词的名词。

1） May I extend my heartiest congratulations to the great Chinese people and its Communist Party, through you, for the glowing success of your tremendous revolution, which is now inspiring the world.

让我通过您最衷心祝贺伟大的中国人民及共产党，祝贺你们的巨大革命的辉煌胜利，这个胜利正在鼓舞着全世界。

2） They have staged demonstrations and distributed petitions which inevitably find their way to foreign correspondents posted in Moscow.

他们举行了示威游行和静坐，散发了情愿书，而这些情愿书必定会传到驻莫斯科的外国记者手中。

3） The little apprentice in particular lived in terror of the boss, who had borne down on him so often and so hard that there was little left.

小学徒对老板尤其怕的要死，老板经常整他而且整的很重，简直把他整瘪了。

英语中的同位语，在译文中有时也可以重复先行词。

1） The President announced, with obvious relish, that planes

took off from "shangri-la", the fictional, remote retreat in the Himalayas.

这位总统洋洋得意地宣称，这批飞机是从“香格里拉”起飞的，而“香格里拉”是一个虚构的喜马拉雅山中的世外桃园。

2） All of these arrangements were a prelude to the ball, the hostess ultimate prize.

所有这些安排都只是这次舞会的序曲，舞会才是女主人的最终目的。

3） Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity .

水可由能量来分解，所谓能量也就是电源。

4） No one dared to walk out of Johnson's

Administration, because they knew if they did, two men were going to follow

their ass to the end of the earth ,Mr.J.Edgar Hoover and head of the

Internal Revenue Service.

没有人敢向约翰逊辞职。因为他们知道，要是谁胆敢这样做，就会有两个人在他们屁股后面跟到天涯海角，这两个人便是艾德加·胡佛先生和国内税务局局长。

2. 重复动词

2.1 英语句子长用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语，在译文中往往要重复这个动词。

1） Is he a friend or an enemy?

他是个朋友呢， 还是个仇人？

2) The blow hurt not only his hands but his shoulder too.

这一下不仅震痛了他的手，也震痛了他的肩膀。

3) For a good ten minutes, he cursed me and my brother.

足足有十分钟之久，他既骂我，又骂我的兄弟。

4) Chairman Mao is an activist, a prime mover, an originator and master of strategy achieved by alternating surprise, tension and easement(Edgar snow)

毛主席是一位活动家，是原动力，是创始者，是交替运用出其不意，紧张和松弛而取得成就的战略大师

5) They covered the 19th century foreign intervention in

China, Mao's Long March in the mid-1930s,the French and American revolutions.

他们谈到十九世纪外国对中国的干涉，谈到毛泽东在三十年代中期的长征，还谈到法国革命和美国革命。

2.2 英语句子中动词后有前置词时，在第二次第三次往往只用前置词而省略动词，在译文中则要重复动词以代替英语中重复的前置词。

1） We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other-of everything but our host and hostess.

我们谈到自己，谈到前途，谈到旅程，谈到天气，谈到彼此的情况——谈到一切，只是不谈我们的男女主人。

2) And the body lay white and still beneath the pines, all

bathed in sunshine and in blood.

这具尸体苍白而安静地躺在松树下，浴于阳光中，浴于血泊中。

3) He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength.

他不再梦见风涛，不再梦见惊人的遭遇，也不再梦见大鱼，搏斗和角力。

4) He supplied his works not only with biographies, but with

portraits of their supposed authors.

他不仅在他的作品上提供作者传记，而且还提供假象作者的画像。

2.3 英语中前置词也省略了，但译文中仍可以重复动词。

1） But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his

idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his

family

可是他老婆不断地在他耳朵边唠叨个没完，说他懒惰，说他粗心，并且说他的一家人都要毁在他的身上。

2) They wanted to determine if he complied with the terms of

his employment and his obligations as an American.

他们想要确定，他是否履行了受雇条件，是否履行了作为美国公民所应尽的职责。

3) But they not show it and they spoke politely about the

current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and

the steady good weather and of what they had seen

但是他们并没有把感情泄露出来，只是斯斯文文地讲起海流，讲起他们把钓丝送进海水的深度，讲起好久不变的好天气，还讲

起他们所看到的一切。

3. 重复代词

3.1 英语中用代词的地方，翻译时往往可按汉语习惯重复其所代替的名词。

1）Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears.

杰西睁开眼睛，眼里充满了泪水。

2) In China, they "made mistakes", suffered by them, acknowledged and studied them, thus planned victory.

在中国，他们“犯过错误”，吃过错误的亏，承认错误，研究错误，从而制定了胜利的方针。

3) He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others.

他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。

4) Suddenly Sakamoto spotted the ship, she was like a sitting duck at dockside. He couldn't wait to get to her.

突然间，坂本发现了那条船，那条船在码头边像个死靶子，坂本迫不及待的冲了上去。

5) The change of Taylor was that of a key man in the key

slot-something that symbolized the gradual transformation of the other players.

泰勒的转变是一个把守重要关口的关键人物的转变，他的转变象征着其他参与者也在逐渐转变。

6) Stephen made a bow. Not a servile one-he will never do that.

斯地芬鞠了一个躬。这不是一种卑躬屈膝的鞠躬——他决不会那样做。

3.2英语中用物主代词its, his, their等等以代替句中作主语的名词（有时附有修饰语）时，翻译时往往可以不用代词而重复其作主语的名词，以达到明确具体的目的。

1) Happy families also had their own troubles.

幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼

2) Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their won lines

强国有强国的策略，小国也有小国的路线

3) Each country has its own customs

各国有各国的风格

3.3英语中强势关系代词或强势关系副词whoever, whenever, wherever等等，翻译时往往使用重复处理法。

1）Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized.

谁犯了纪律，谁就应该受到批评。

2) Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are free

你们什么时候有空，就什么时候到我办公室来谈一谈。

3) Wherever severe oppression existed, there would be revolution.

哪里有残酷的压迫，哪里就有革命。

4) You may borrow whichever novel in my bookcase you like best.

我书架上的小说你最爱哪一本，你就可以借哪一本。

3.4英语用 some...and others...(some...,others...)连用的句子，译成汉语时主语往往是谓语重复形式“的”字结构，有时也可以用“有的...有的... ”句式。

1) Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside.

上大学的，上大学了，下乡的，下乡了。（=有的上大学了，有的下乡了）

2) On Sunday afternoon, some reviewed their lessons, and others helped the cooks in their work.

星期日下午，复习功课的复习功课，帮厨的帮厨，

3) Some played soccer and others played basketball.

踢足球的，踢足球去了，打篮球的，打篮球去了。

3.5 为了使译文明确具体，除了上面谈到的一些重复手段外，还有一种情况，英文原文没有重复，汉译时采用一种在内容上而不是在形式上的重复手段。

1) He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons and a few more men.

他想给他们增加些援助，增添些武器，增派些人员。

原文中动词send没有重复，译文中用增加，增添，增派等等不同形式重复同一个内容。

2) In the Soviet Union there had been no radio, TV, or press mention of either Abel's arrest or conviction.

苏联对于艾贝尔的被俘或判刑既没有电台广播，也没有上电视节目，在报刊上也没有发表。

3) Our reception in China, he would tell people, "was enormously gracious and polite";we were treated "extraordinarily well", the talks were "very businesslike, very precise, no

rhetoric on either side"

他逢人便说，中国接待我们“非常周到，客气极了”，给我们的待遇“好的不得了”，会谈“非常务实，非常明确，双方都不说空话”。

4) To him, the birds sang. The squirrel chattered and the flowers bloomed.

鸟而向他歌唱，松鼠对他叽咕，花儿也为他开放。

5) He was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator.

他既精于飞行，又善于导航。

为了强调，英语句子中往往重复关键性的词，以使读者留下深刻的印象，英译汉时往往可以采用同样的重复手段。

1. 英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以保持同样的词的重复。

1) He wandered about in the chill rain, thinking and thinking, brooding and brooding.

他在凄雨中荡来荡去，想了又想，盘算了又盘算。

2) Gentlemen may cry peace, peace-but there is no peace.

先生们尽管可以拿高寒和平，和平！但是依然没有和平。

3) He demanded total loyalty, not loyalty in the traditional sense, not positive loyalty, but total loyalty, not just to office or party, or concept, but loyalty first and foremost to Lyndon Johnson

他要求的是绝对忠诚，不是传统意义的忠诚，也不是一般的忠诚，而是绝对的忠诚，不只是对职务，政党或观念的忠诚，而是首先

对约翰逊的忠诚

4) Prominent among the most prominent upon the most

Prominent shelf were series of splendidly bound volumes Entitled "Skinner's Works."

在哪个最显眼的书架上最显眼的几卷就是精装的名叫《史金那全集》的一套书。

5) "They had to stand there in that heat, watching me go in, come

out, come out, go in and never saying anything."

“他们在那大热天里站着，一言不发，眼巴巴看我进去出来，出来进去”

6) Blood must atone for blood

血债就用血来还。

此外，英语对仗句的前后两部分中往往有词的重复，译成汉语时，对仗句一般可以保持同样的词的重复。

1) Eye for eye, tooth for tooth

以眼还眼，以牙还牙

2) Out of sight, out of mind

眼不见，心不念

2. 英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以用同义词重复之。

1) They would read and re-read the secret notes.

他们往往一遍又一遍地反复琢磨这些密件

2) "I know you hate me and I hate you, we had better part right now"

“我知道你恨我，我也嫌你，咱们最好即刻就分手吧。”

3) Every change of season, every change of weather, every hour of

the day produces some change in the magical hues and shape of these mountains; and they are regarded by all good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers.

季节的每一更迭，气候的每一转变，乃至一天中的每一小时，都给这些山峦的奇幻色彩和形态带来变化，远近的主妇都把这些看作是准确的晴雨表

英语原文中即使没有词的重复，翻译时为了使译文生动，有时候可以采用下列各种重复手段。

1. 运用两个四字词组

汉语中有大量四字词组，这是汉语的一大特点。四字词组比较精炼，念起来顺口，有节奏感，如运用恰当，可使文字生动活泼，增强修辞效果，为了使译文符合忠实，通顺的标准，译者有时可酌情运用两个同义或近义的四字词组，这也可以说是一种重复。

1) But there had been too much publicity about my case.

但我的事现在已经搞的满城风雨，人人皆知了。

2) The streets were overrun by Hitler's bullies.

那时希特勒的暴徒在街上横行霸道，无恶不作。

3) Target priorities were established there.

目标的轻重缓急，孰先孰后，是在那里决定的。

2. 运用词的重迭

词的重迭是汉语中常用的一种修辞手段。古代誓词中有很多这类例子，如：“青青河畔草，郁郁园中柳”，“年年岁岁花相似，岁岁年年人不同”，“寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚”等等。在散文中也可经常见到词的重迭运用，如“清楚”往往说成“清清楚楚”。明白往往说成“明明白白”。英译汉时，我们可适当采用词的重迭，特别是四字重迭词组，使译文生动活泼，通顺达意。

1) I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing.

我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，直言无隐

2) His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody.

他的那些孩子，也是穿的破破烂烂，粗野不堪，就像没有父母似的

3) Only a very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him

欢迎他的只有几下轻轻的，零零落落，冷冷淡淡的掌声。

4) ith his tardiness, carelessness and appalling good humor, we were sore perplexed.

他老师磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎，脾气又好的惊人，我们都对他毫无办法。

3. 运用四字对偶词组

汉语中有不少四字对偶词组，在这个四字中前后两对字形成对偶，往往具有相同或类似的含义，所以也是一种重复。英译汉时我们可酌情采用此类对偶四字词组，使译文显得生动活泼。

great contributions 丰功伟绩

gratitude 感恩戴德

ingratitude 忘恩负义

prosperity 繁荣昌盛

eternal glory to 永垂不朽

vivid 生动活泼

hesitate 彷徨犹豫

arrogance 骄傲自大

grotesque 奇形怪状

careless 粗心大意

in chaos 乌烟瘴气

street gossip 街谈巷议

rumors 流言蜚语

1) I was admittedly shy

我是以腼腆胆怯著称的

2) It was a bright September afternoon, and the streets of New York were brilliant with Moving men.

这是九月的一个晴朗的下午，纽约的大街上，人来人往，五光十色。

3) Whatever initial worries we had about the plane soon vanished.

不管开始时我们对这架飞机有什么不放心，这种顾虑不久就烟消云散了

4) If this was a time of triumph for the many, it was a painful Period for the few.

多数人兴高采烈之日，却是少数人伤心失意之时。

5) He sat there and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.

他坐在那儿注视着，觉得眼前的景象，既是始终如一的，又是变化多端，既是光彩夺目，又是朦胧黑暗，既是庄严肃穆，又是轻松愉快。

第十二讲 定语从句的翻译

一、教学目的：了解和掌握在翻译中运用不同的方法来处理定语从句。

二、教学过程：

限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行项起限制作用，在意义上与先行项密切不可分。如被省去，主句的意思就含糊不清，甚至变得毫无意义。关系词和先行项之间一般不用逗号分隔。

1. 定语词组

①I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided.我只有一盏指路明灯。

②the thread which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken ……而那些把她和少女时代以及故乡轻轻系住的柔丝，不得不就此断绝了。

翻译这类从句，常常是将关系词省去，在句未加“的”字，放在被修饰项之前。当然，也可视其情况不用“的”字，如①和②。这种译法用得普遍，尤其适用于译简短的定语从句。

2. 并列从句

1）省略英语的先行项

①The lungs are subjected to several diseases which are treatable by surgery.肺易受几种疾病的侵袭，但均可经手术治疗。

③As a result,a hum of gossip was set going which moved about the house in that secret manner common to gossip.结果就造成一阵闲话，暗中在公寓里流传，闲话一般都是如此的。

④A will had been made which divide the small tax –eaten property equally among the remaining four, so that it was really of no interest to any of them.遗嘱已立好，把这片快要给税吃光的薄产平分给四个孩子，但谁都对此不感兴趣。

2）重复英语的先行项

①At dinner I found myself placed between Mrs. Bradly ,and a shy girl who seemed even younger than the other.席间，我发现自己坐在布拉得雷太太和一腼腆的女孩子中间；她看上去比其余人都年轻。

②A writer——in fact every one of us in life——needs that loving-mother force from which all creation flows …一个作家——实际上生活中的每个人——都需要慈母的力量，它是创造一切的源泉。

③Man possesses an expressive faculty that goes far beyond gestures, that allows and even compels him to express his thoughts, feelings, dreams, and intuitions.人类具有远远超过于手势的表达官能，这种官能不仅使人能够，而且使他要把思想、感情、幻梦、直觉表达出来。

这些先行项的重复，有时用的是代词如①②，有时用的是限定词如③。汉译时，需重复先行项的地方，就要重复。否则会影响意思的连贯和清楚。

我们一般采用分述法将带定语从句的英语复合句译成并列分词。分述法就将主句和从句分开翻译的方法。此方法除了将定语从句译为并列分句外，还译为状语从句。

3. 状语从句

让我们来看看下例该怎么译：

He insisted on building another house which he had no use for.

上例能译成“他坚持再建一座他不用的房子”或“他坚持再建一座房，这房他不用”吗？显然不能，因为这样的译文令读者莫名其妙。这两种译文是套用定语词组和并列分句形式而译的，然而错了。

正确的译文是：他虽自己不用，但仍坚持再建一座房。

此句之所以这样译，是因为它含有状语从句的意思。英语定语从句——尤其是非限制性定语从句——有时兼有状语从句的职能，可以表示时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果等等关系。

兹再举几例说明限制性定语从句所表示的状语意思：

①I think it will grow even on non-irrigated land where there is a forest belt.我想即使在没有灌溉的土地上，只要有一条树林带，它还是会生长的。（表条件）

②In a personal sense ,I think of my eldest daughter , whose birthday is today .就个人来讲，我想到我的大女儿，因为今天是她的生日。（表原因）

4. 独立句

①He paid that peculiar deference(尊重，顺从) to women which every member of the sex appreciates.他对女性殷勤令每个女人所赏识。

②What were the hopes and dreams that had made of them the incredibly stubborn warriors?

是什么希望，什么目标，什么理想使他们成为顽强到令人难以置信的战士呢？

翻译英语There be 句型和带定语从句的复合句时，常用溶合法。溶合法就是把原主句的主语同定语从句溶合在一起而译成独立句的方法。溶合法要求改变句子的构造形式。具体作法是，将原主句的的词或词组用作独立句的主语，再将定语从句用作谓语，这样便译成独立句，如①将He paid that peculiar deference to women 压缩译为“他对女性的殷勤”而定语从句“which every member of the sex appreciates”译为谓语“令每个女人所常识”。

5. 复合宾语

①I also found on the ground near the tracks of the lamed groups of ants which were rulling grains of corn.我还看见骆驼的脚印边有许多的蚂蚁在拖玉米粒。

②He did not find any one in the house who particularly cared to see .他认为家里没有人特别想知道的。

非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句同其先行项之间的联系是松散的。它不是先行项的必不可少的组成部分，而仅是对先行项作些描写或补充说明。非限制性定语从句前常有逗号将它与主语分开。非限制性定语从句也主要是采用前面已说过的分译法和溶合法来译。它常驻被译为并列分句、独立的和状语从句，偶尔还可译为定语词组等。

1.译成并列分句

1) 译成并列分句，省略先行项

①Wait a minute, said the boss, and he opened the load and took out a ham, which he started to bone and string up.“等一会儿！”老板说道，说罢便打开火腿包，拿出一只，开始剔骨头，并用绳子缚起来。（省主语）

②Carrie reached home in high good spirits，which she could scarcely conceal.嘉莉兴高采烈地回到家，想掩饰也掩饰不住。（省主语）

2) 译成并列分句，重复英语的先行项

②He came within the meaning of a still newer term ,which had sprung into general use among Americans in 1880…他其实适合于一个更新的名词，那个名词1880年在美国人中突然流行起来……

2. 译成独立句

①It has long been my wish to encounter one of the oldest civilizations in earth .I have come amidst you from Egypt ,On the banks of the Nile ,which also has a most ancient civilization .我一直向往着要同世界最古老的文明会晤。尼罗河畔的埃及也有着最古老的文明，我正是从那里来到你们中间。

②You've given Feldstyn, who dislikes me any how ,the chance he was waiting for .费尔德丁反正讨厌我，你给他的机会正是他求之不得的。

3. 译成状语从句

①These actions, which have aroused universal and unreserved disapproval, must nevertheless give us a pause.这些行动，虽已激起普遍而毫不掩饰的反对，却也使我们举棋不定。（表让步）

②In a dispute between two states with which one is friendly, try not to get involved.在两国发生争端时，如与该两国皆友好，则应避免卷入。（表条件）。

③Copper, which is used so widely for carrying electricity , offers very little resistance.铜的电阻很小，因此被广泛用于输电。（表结果）

4. 译成定语词组

As I came in, Mike, who owned the taxi that used to stand at the corner of our street ,waved to me from a table.我进去时，那个开出租汽车的麦克坐在一张桌子那里向我招手，他的车子经常就停在我们街角上。

非限制性定语从句主要是译成并列分句、独立句和状语从句这几种形式，这与它的作用——仅是对先行项提供一些补充说明——有关。难怪《新编英语语法》（修定本）指出：在意义上，非限制性定语从句相当于一个并列分句，可以完全脱离主句而独立出现。

综上举例可以看出，定语从句可用“分述法”和“溶合法”进行翻译，形式有定语词组，并列分句、状语从句、复合宾语等。这些形式是英译汉的主要“框架结构”，并非全部“标准答案”。在具体和翻译实践中，我们应该视其不同情况，选用不同的形式或作灵活变通处理。

第十三讲 习语的翻译

一、教学目的：了解和掌握习语在翻译中的处理方法。

二、教学过程：

英汉习语对比

1．形义完全相同

barking dogs do not bite 吠犬不咬人

life in short and time is swift 人生苦短, 岁月易逝

as cold as ice 冷若寒冰

like father, like son有其父必有其子.

Heart to heart 心心相印

2．形义部分相同

spend money like water 挥金如土

as strong as horse 力大如牛

teach a pig to play on a flute 赶鸭子上架

talk horse 吹牛

kill the goose to get the eggs 杀鸡取卵

laugh off one's head笑掉牙

as strong as horse 力大如牛

a lion in the way 拦路虎

3．看似相同 其实不同/

pull one's leg 欺骗或者戏弄某人(不是拖某人的后腿)

a walking skeleton 骨瘦如柴的人 (不是行尸走肉)

a big fish in a small pond 显赫人物(小池容不下大鱼)eat one's words 收回前言(不是食言)

4．没有对应

child's play 非常容易做的事

oil and vinegar 截然不同的东西

as fit as fiddle 非常健康

英汉习语的翻译方法:

1．直译

the government's policy has given a green light to the development of our economy

政府的政策为经济发展开了绿灯.

he said so to save his face他那样说是为了保全面子.

My uncle gives me money? Pigs can fly if they had wings.我叔叔给我钱, 要是那样猪也长翅膀飞上天了.

living in an ivory tower, sally had no understanding of politics.萨莉身处象牙塔内, 对政治一点也不了解.

2．直译加注

advice and correction roll off him like water off a duck's back.劝导和惩罚对他好像水过鸭被似的根本不起作用.

Emerging from the “pastry-cooks”, Soams’ first impulse was to vent his nerves by saying to his daughter: “Dropping your handkerchief!” to which her reply might well be: “I picked that up from you.”　从糖果点心店里出来，索姆斯本想对女儿发作一下，“故意把手帕掉在地上，就是为了勾引人家。”但她的回答很可能是：“我这样子是从你那儿学来的。”

3．释义

save your breath; the boss will never give you the day off. 说也无益, 老板不会准你假的

she found herself to be a fifth wheel in the family. 她感到她成了这个家庭多余的人.

"well", he said, and he gave a sudden, uncertain laugh. "here's mud in your eye."好吧, 他说, 突然含含糊糊地笑了. "干杯" (这里解释一下bottom up)

４．归化

Ａ:Ｉam sorry now that we bought this house; it is much too far from the bus-stop.

B: well, what’s done is done.

A: And cannot be undone---unless we can sell it without losing too much money.

A:　我们把这所房子买了，真遗憾，它离公共汽车站实在太远。

B:　唉，木已成舟了。／买了就买了吧

A: 也只好这样了－除非我们能在损失不太大的情况下再卖出去。

５．注意不要望文生义和滥用归化法

She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.(她生于富贵之家)

He knows how to solve the problem. He was not born yesterday.(他可不是乳臭未干的小孩)

The boss gave her the sack.老板给了他一个麻袋. (老板解雇了他)

I have seen him through. 我看透了他. (我帮他度过了难关)

Blow hot and cold 朝三暮四，不要译成　朝秦暮楚

A fair weather friend　不能共患难的朋友　不要译成　酒肉朋友

Give one an inch and he will take an ell 得寸进尺　不要译成　得陇望蜀

６．有些没有固定的译法, 要灵活处理.

Jack owed David a dollar, so he borrowed another from Joe to pay David back. He robbed Peter to pay Paul. 杰克欠戴维一美元, 于是向乔借了一美元去还戴维, 他这是借东家还西家

Trying to study a lesson for one class during another class is like robbing Peter to pay Paul

要在这节课里学习那节课的内容是挖东强补西墙

7. 翻译段落练习：

永州之野产异蛇，黑质而白章，触草木，尽死，以啮人，无御之者。然得而腊之以为饵，可以已大风、挛 、瘘、疠，去死肌，杀三虫。其始，太医以王命聚之，岁赋其二。募有能捕之者，当其租入。永之人争奔走焉。

有蒋氏者，专其利三世矣。问之，则曰：“吾祖死于是，吾父死于是，今吾嗣为之十二年，几死者数矣。”言之，貌若甚戚者。 余悲之，且曰：“若毒之乎？余将告于莅事者，更若役，复若赋，则何如？”

In the wilderness on the outskirts of Yong Zhou there exists a kind of snake with black skin marked with white stripes. Any plant dies upon its touch and anyone bitten by it is doomed to die. But once it is caught and dehydrated, it can serve as an ingredient of a traditional medicine for the cure of leprosy, arthritis, swollen necks, malignant tumors, the removal of decayed flesh, and the elimination of three kinds of worms that cause illness. Since early times the court physician has ordered the people in the name of the emperor to hand in snakes twice a year. Whoever does so is exempted from taxation. People are vying with one another to catch snakes.

There is a man whose surname is Jiang. His family has been enjoying this privilege for three generations. When asked, he told me with deep grief, "My grandfather was killed by a snake, and so was my father. I myself have been engaged as a snake catcher for twelve years and might have been killed many a time." I sympathized with him, saying, "Are you complaining about this work? I shall ask the official in charge to transfer you to your former work and renew the taxation on you. How would you like that?"

第十四讲 无生命主语句的翻译

一、教学目的：了解和掌握无生命主语句在翻译中的应用。

二、教学过程：

无生命主语句（Non-life subject sentences）:

类型：

The past decade saw much great progress in our society.

我国社会在过去10年里取得了很大的进步

That night sleep eluded him那天夜里他没有睡好。

Rome witnessed many great historic events.罗马城发生过许多重大的历史性事件。

Her illness prevented her from attending the conference on linguistics.

她因病没有参加语言学术会议。

Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.这位曾使全世界发出笑声的人自己却饱尝辛酸。

译法：

1．把无生命主语转换成有生命主语，必要时切分句子，将主语分译成分句。

The word “expect” always crept into Dad’s stories.爸爸讲故事时，总要不经意地说出“期望”这个词。

Absence and distance make the overseas Chinese heart increasingly fond of the Peking regime.

华侨背井离乡，远居国外，因此他们在感情上越来越向往北京政权。

My total ignorance of the connection must plead my apology.恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。

2. 把无生命主语转换成具体事物的主语，或是保留原主语，并同时改变与之搭配的谓语动词，必要时须切分句子，将主语分译成分句或者单句或是调整整个句子的语序。

My arms and legs go to sleep我的手脚不管用了。The door refuses to close.门关不上

The thought of returning to his native land never deserted (抛弃)him amid（在－之中）

his tribulation（苦难，磨难）在苦难中重返故园的念头始终在他心头萦绕。

3.把无生命主语转换成汉语的状语。

Investigation led us to the foregoing (前面的)conclusion.经过调查，我们得出了上述结论。

March was to take Elizabeth to Hunsford. 三月，伊丽莎白将前往汉斯福德。

The evening of November 3 saw the IWW(industrial workers of the world )tactics bearing fruit.

11月3日晚，世界产业工人协会的战术生效了。

Dawn met him well along the way. It was a pleasant uneventful ride.东方欲晓的时侯，他已走了一大段路了，这次骑马旅行很愉快，没有碰到意外事件。

4. 把无生命主语转换成汉语复句。

Losing his fortune drove him mad. 他由于失去自己的财产而发疯。

The arrest of the flood-waters saved many homes.将洪水拦住后，许多家庭得救了。

The publisher’s rejection of his manuscript depressed him. 由于出版商拒绝接受他的手稿，他的情绪一落千丈。

5. 把无生命主语转换成汉语的无主语句。

The heat makes me sweat like a pig。热得我大汗淋漓。

The noise made everybody upset. 闹得大家不得安宁。

This medicine will make you feel better.吃了药你会舒服些。

5. 翻译段落练习:

古之学者必有师。师者，所以传道受业解惑也。人非生而知之者，孰能无惑？惑而不从师，其为惑也，终不解矣。生乎吾前，其闻道也，固先乎吾，吾从而师之；生乎吾后，其闻道也，亦先乎吾，吾从而师之。吾师道也，夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎？是故无贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。

嗟乎！师道之不传也久矣，欲人之无惑也难矣。古之圣人，其出人也远矣，犹且从师而问焉；今之众人，其下圣人也亦远矣，而耻学于师。是故圣益圣，愚益愚。圣人之所以为圣，愚人之所以为愚，其皆出于此乎？爱其子，择师而教之；于其身也，则耻师焉，惑矣。彼童子之师，授之书而习其句读者，非吾所谓传其道、解其惑者也。句读之不知，惑之不解，或师焉，或不焉，小学而大遗，吾未见其明也。巫医、乐师、百工之人，不耻相师。士大夫之族，曰“师”曰“弟子”云者，则群聚而笑之。问之，则曰：彼与彼年相若也，道相似也， 位卑则足羞，官盛则近谀。呜呼！师道之不复，可知矣。 巫医、乐师、百工之人，君子不齿，今其智乃反不能及，其可怪也欤！

In ancient times those who wanted to learn would seek out a teacher, one who could propagate the doctrine1, impart professional knowledge, and resolve doubts. Since no one is born omniscient, who can claim to have no doubts? If one has doubts and is not willing to learn from a teacher, his doubts will never be resolved. Anyone who was born before me and learned the doctrine before me is my teacher. Anyone who was born after me and learned the doctrine before me is also my teacher. Since what I desire to learn is the doctrine, why should I care whether he was born before or after me? Therefore, it does not matter whether a person is high or low in position, young or old in age. Where there is the doctrine, there is my teacher.

Alas! The tradition of learning from the teacher has long been neglected. Thus it is difficult to find a person without any doubts at all. Ancient sages, who far surpassed us, even learned from their teachers. People today, who are far inferior to them, regard learning from the teacher as a disgrace. Thus, wise men become more wise and unlearned men become more foolish. This explains what makes a wise man and what makes a foolish man.

It is absurd that a person would choose a teacher for his son out of his love for him, and yet refuse to learn from the teacher himself, thinking it a disgrace to do so. The teacher of his son teaches the child only reading and punctuation, which is not propagating the doctrine or resolving doubts as the aforementioned. I don't think it wise to learn from the teacher when one doesn't know how to punctuate, but not when one has doubts unresolved, for that I find to be the folly of learning in small matters, but neglecting the big ones. Even medicine men, musicians and handicraftsmen do not think it disgraceful to learn from each other. When one of the literati calls another man his "teacher"and himself his "student" people will get together and invariably laugh at him. If you ask them why they are laughing, they will say that since he is almost of the same age and as erudite as another man, it would be degrading for him to call the other man "teacher" if the other man's social rank is lower than his; and it would be flattering if the other man's social rank is higher. Alas! It is clear that the tradition of learning from the teacher can no longer be restored. Medicine men, musicians and handicraftsmen are despised by the gentlemen. How strange it is that gentlemen are less wise than these people!

第十五讲　Metaphor的翻译

一、教学目的：了解和掌握修辞的翻译方法。

二、教学过程：

Metaphor 这里指广义上的修辞figurative speech. 也就是，不仅指它的本义denotation，也指它的转义connotation. 如以下例句：

The girl murmured her thanks. 她轻声道了声谢。

It is a long story with many ands. 这故事说来话长，包括许多细节。

They cap when they pass the dean. 他们路遇系主任时，脱帽以示敬意。

A narrow trail snakes between the trees. 一条窄径在林中蜿蜒向前。

He pocketed all the profits. 他侵吞了所有的利润。

Shanghai mirrors the development and character of China.上海反映了中国的发展和现状。

When a surviving ship’s officer was later asked whether “women and children first” was the captain’s rule or the rule of the sea, he replied that it was the rule of human nature.

后来有人问一幸存的该船官员：“妇女与儿童优先”是船长的规定还是航海的规矩。他答道，这是人性的准则。Parallelism

There are teachers and teachers. = There are good teachers and bad teachers.

误译：世上有许许多多的老师 / 正确：世上有好老师也有坏老师。

她就是这样风里来，雨里去，成年累月地工作着。

This is how she carries on her work, rain or shine, all the year around.

人言鼎沸：

Many people talk together and the noise they make is like the bubbling of water boiling in a cauldron.( 大锅炉)

面有菜色：Hungry-looking; look famished. 面黄肌瘦

Trigger 一词。本义是：扣动扳机。但是其转义“发动；引起；促使”可以被用得非常生动形象。

The investigation was triggered several months ago.调查是几个月前开始的。

The tragic chain of events was triggered off.引起了一连串悲惨事件。

In classroom discussion Mary is always quick on the trigger.课堂讨论时，玛丽总是反应很快。

Certain foods trigger the desire to eat more, while others tend to suppress that desire.

有些食物能激起你的食欲，而有些却让你胃口难开。

Metaphor 的翻译原则：

1. 保留原文里的形象， 即find an equivalent image.如：

There are seasons of the heart. There are seasons in our lives, just as there are seasons to all of nature. These seasons cannot be forced any more than one can force the coming of spring by pulling at tender blades of grass to make them grow. It took me a while to understand.

心有四季。 生活也有四季，就如自然界万物都有春夏秋冬一样。四季无法人为地加以改变， 就如同一个人无法用拔苗助长的方法令春天到来。 我经过好一阵子才懂得了这点。

The police who patrolled the big city slum area that summer were sitting on a volcano.

那年夏天，在城市大贫民区巡逻的警察如同坐在火山口上。

Savored the beauty of the Texas countryside/ taste success.

2. 实行翻译的“补偿原则”( compensation )/有时不一定得法。

The following week was family conference, something I dreaded. This was the day the dirty laundry got hung out to air in a private session between parent, child and counselor

下周将开家长会，这正是我害怕的。在这天家长，孩子和辅导员/管理员将开私下的碰头会，列数孩子做的坏事。

I don’t see any point in airing all the dirty laundry of private disputes.我认为毫无必要把一些私人争端的丑事宣言出去。

The operation may not succeed; it’s a gamble whether he lives or dies.

手术不一定成功，能否保住他的生命没有把握。/ 就像赌博一样，他是死是活还没有把握。

美国作家Jeff Rennicke 在A promise of spring(春之希望)一文中的开卷段：

Nothing. No tracks but my own are stitched into the dusting of fresh snow, white as birch bark, that fell during the night. No flittering shadows in the trees, not a silver of bird song in the air.

译文：白茫茫的一片。没有别的什么踪迹，只有我的脚印如细密的针脚印在积雪上。积雪白如桦树皮，是昨夜落下的。在树上没有鸟儿的身影，在空中也听不到鸟儿一丝的啁啾。

再如Nose一词的活用：

The dog nosed the door open.狗用鼻子把门拱开。

The bulldozer nosed the rock off the road.推土机把石块从路上推开。

The little boat nosed carefully between rocks.小船在礁石间小心翼翼地穿行。

3. 翻译段落练习：

贯彻落实科学发展观，必须大力实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略和可持续发展战略，加快社会事业发展；着力解决与人民群众切身利益相关的突出问题，维护社会稳定，努力构建社会主义和谐社会。

加快科技改革和发展。今年要发布国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要。继续推进国家创新体系建设。加强基础研究、战略高技术研究和重要公益性技术研究。继续实施一批重大科技专项，加大关键技术攻关力度。加强重大科技基础设施和国家重点科研基地建设。深化科技体制改革，加快建立与社会主义市场经济体制相适应的科技管理体制、创新机制和现代院校制度。充分发挥企业在技术创新中的主体作用。加强产学结合，促进科技成果产业化。坚持社会科学和自然科学并重，进一步繁荣和发展哲学社会科学。

We must adopt a scientific outlook on development and implement the strategy of reinvigorating our country through science, education and trained personnel and the strategy of sustainable development of social undertakings. We will strive to solve outstanding problems vital to the immediate interests of the people, safeguard social stability and build a harmonious socialist society.

We will accelerate reform and development of science and technology. We will promulgate a national program for medium- to long-term scientific and technological development this year. We will continue the work of establishing a national innovation system. We will strengthen basic research and research in strategic hi-tech fields and important technologies for non-profit application.

We will continue work on a set of major science and technology projects and devote more efforts to tackling problems in key technologies. We will move forward with the development of major science and technology infrastructure projects and key national bases for scientific research. We will deepen the reform of the science and technology system, and accelerate the establishment of a management system, an innovation mechanism and a modern system of research institutes that are compatible with our socialist market economy. Enterprises need to play a key role in technological innovation. We will strengthen cooperation among industries, universities and research institutes to promote application of scientific and technological advances in production. We will continue to attach equal importance to the social and natural sciences and further develop philosophy and the social science.

大力发展社会主义先进文化。加强思想道德建设，弘扬以爱国主义为核心的民族精神和以改革创新为核心的时代精神，弘扬集体主义、社会主义思想。加强和改进未成年人思想道德建设和大学生思想政治教育。推动文化体制改革和机制创新，加快文化事业和文化产业发展。坚持一手抓繁荣、一手抓管理。发展文学艺术、新闻出版和广播影视业。加强互联网建设和管理。加快农村基层文化建设，提高广播电视“村村通”水平。深入开展群众性精神文明创建活动。坚持不懈地进行“扫黄”“打非”斗争。广泛开展全民健身运动。继续做好2008年北京奥运会和2010年上海世界博览会的筹办工作。

加强各类型、多层次人才队伍建设。特别是要培养、吸引、用好高层次和高技能人才，促进人才合理流动，加强人才市场法制建设。

We will energetically develop an advanced socialist culture. We will emphasize ideological and moral development and promote a patriotic national spirit, a reformist and innovative spirit of the times, and a collectivist and socialist ideology. We will intensify the ideological and moral education of minors and the ideological and political education of college students. We will promote reform of the cultural system and innovation in cultural mechanisms and accelerate the development of cultural undertakings and industries. We will continue to ensure that cultural undertakings flourish, while carefully managing them. We will develop literature, art, the press, publishing, radio, TV and film, and strengthen development and management of the internet. We will accelerate primary-level cultural development in rural areas and expand radio and TV coverage with the goal of reaching all villages. We will launch mass activities to cultivate spiritual civilization. We will fight unremittingly against pornographic and illegal publications. We will widely initiate fitness programs for the general public. We will continue working hard to prepare for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing and the world Expo 2010 in Shanghai.

We will intensify development of a skilled, diversified and multi-level workforce, focusing particularly on training, attracting and properly using high-level and highly skilled personnel. We will promote the rational flow of human resources and strengthen legislation concerning the human resources market.