一、定义与分类
代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。代词根据其意思和用法可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词九类。综观历年高考情况,在这九类代词中,不定代词一直是高考英语的重点。
⏹ 人称代词 I , you ,she ,him
⏹ 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what (用于引出特殊疑问句的代词)
注意: what与 which的用法区别:当选择的范围较明确时,用which;不明确时用 what。
如:Which color do you like, red, black or white? What color is your car?
⏹ 物主代词 my 、your、hers
⏹ 关系代词 which 、that、who、whom
⏹ 反身代词 myself、yourselves
注意:反身代词用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语表示身体或精神所处的状态。
如:I'll be myself again in no time. 我一会儿就会好的。 He doesn't feel himself today.
I’m not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。
⏹ 连接代词 who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever主要用于 引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句等
⏹ 相互代词 each other、one another
⏹ 不定代词 one、each、another、neither
⏹ 指示代词 this、that、those、these
注意:a. 为避免重复,可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名词。
如:The playground of this school is bigger than that of that school.(that=the playground)
My books are next to those of the monitor.
b. 在打电话时,通常用 this 指自己,用that指对方: 如:Hello. This is Jim. Is that John?
c. this 和that 还可用作副词,用以修饰形容词或副词,意为“这么”、“那么”,相当于 so。
如:I've done only that much. 我所做的就这么多。 Is he always this busy? 他总这么忙吗?
二:人称代词,物主代词,反身代词用法概述
这三种代词都有人称(一、二、三人称)的变化、数(单、复数)的变化,以及性(阴性、阳性、中性)的变化。其中,人称代词除了这三种变化外,还有格(主格、宾格)的变化。
物主代词又包括两种形式:形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。特别注意:形容词性物主代词its没有相应的名词性物主代词。
这三种代词的形式变化表如下:
三、不定代词的用法
1)定义:不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。
2)分类:
英语中不定代词有:some(something,somebody,someone,somewhere),any(anything,anybody,anyone,anywhere), no(nothing,nobody,no one), every(everything,everybody,everyone,everywhere),all,each,both,much,many,(a)little,(a)few,other(s),another,none,one,either, neither等。
2)不定代词的句法功能
1)作主语,例: Both(of us)are right. Neither(of the answers)is correct.
2)作宾语,例: There is room for all of us. If you have any,give us some.
3)作表语,例: Is that all you want to know?
I’m not somebody,I’m nobody. 我不是重要人物,我是个无名小卒.
4)作定语,例:You may take either road.
Everybody‘s business is nobody’s business.人人都管等于没人管。(谚)
5)作同位语,例:They both agreed to stay here. We none of us said anything.
☆不定代词是英语所有代词中最重要的一类,也是高考英语中最常考的一类,复习时应注意以下几点:
1. some和 any的比较
不定代词some,any都是“一些”的意思,都可和可数名词或不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句中;而any则用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中.
例: Tom has some picture-books. I have waited some time.
Have you any questions? There aren’t any pictures on the wall.
注意:在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用 some 而不用any。
如: Will you lend me some money? Why don’t you bring some flowers?
2. 指两者和三者的不定代词。有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),具体使用时要根据一定的上下文正确选用。
如:He is blind in both eyes. 他双目失明。
Were they all college students? 他们都是大学生吗?
注意:each 可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而 every 只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用 each,不能用 every。
如:There are trees on each side of the road.
3. (a) few 与 (a) little。few和a few 后接复数名词,而little和a little后接不可数名词。其中few 和 little表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;而a few 和 a little 则表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义。
如:He knew few of them. He sold only a few of the papers. 他只卖出了几份报纸。
He knew little about it. There is still a little left.
4. all, every, each的用法。从强调重点上看:all强调整体,every 强调总体中的所有成员(与all很接近),each则强调逐个逐个地;从用法上看:all和each既可单独使用,也可后接名词,还可后接of短语;而every 后必须接名词,既不能单独使用也不能后接 of 短语;从含义上看,each 指两者或两者以上的“每个”,every指三者或三者以上“每个”,因此指两者时只能用 each。
如:All was destroyed in the big fire. Each of us has a book.
All are present.= Everyone is present..
注意:1)在表示“每个”、“全体”意思时,every的意思与all很接近。但一般情况下every和单数名词搭配,all和复数名词搭配。
例: Every child enjoys Christmas. All children enjoy Christmas.
2)each也是“每一个”的意思,但与every不同,each用于指两个或两个以上的人或物,着重于个别概念。
例:Two men came into the room. Each carried an umbrella.
Each/Every book on this desk is worth reading.
5. other, the other, another, others的用法。指单数时,若泛指用another,若特指用the other; 指复数时,若泛指用other(后接复数名词)或others(其后不接名词),若特指用the other (后接复数名词)或the others(其后不接名词)。
如:Show me some others. Show me another.
We should think of others. Where are the other students?
注:another后一般要单数可数名词,若其后的名词有数词或 few 修饰,则也可接复数名词。
如:I've got another five minutes. 我还有5分钟。
6. no one, nobody, none 的用法。no one 与nobody 用法相似,均只用于指人不用于指物,且其后不能接of短语,用作主语时谓语用单数;而none 既可用于指人也可用于指物,其后通常接of短语,用作主语时,若指不可数名词,谓语只能用单数,若指复数名词,则谓语可用单数(较正式)也可用复数(用于非正式文体)。
如:No one [Nobody] has read it. None of this milk can be used.
None of the films is [are] worth seeing.
7. 复合不定代词的用法。复合不定代词主要包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。其中something, someone 等和 anything, anyone等的区别与 some 和 any 的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。使用时应请注意以下几点:
(1) 受定语修饰时,定语应置于其后。
如:Tell us something interesting. There was nobody tired.
(2) 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数 he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they, them, their。如:If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。
(3) anyone, everyone 等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接 of 短语,可用 any one, every one (即分开写)。
8. one, that和it
one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。
one泛指任何人,可以在形容词和that,this等词后代替刚提过的可数名词,其所有格形式为one’s,反身代词为oneself,复数形式为ones。
1) 泛指“人”,如:
One should be strict with oneself.人应该严格要求自己。
2) 表示“一个人或物”,如:
Chinese is one of the most useful languages in the world.汉语是世界上最有用的语言之一。
3) 代替上文己出现过的可数名词,如
I’ve lost my pen. I want to buy a new one.我的钢笔丢了,我想买一枝新的。
4) the one和the ones表示特定的人或物,如:
No film is as good as the one I saw last week.我上周看的电影最好。
Students who do well in examinations are the ones who ask questions in class.考试成绩好的都是上课爱提问的学生。
5)One前可以有形容词修饰,这时它需带冠词或受形容词性的物主代词修饰,如:
I have two balls. The old one is on the floor. The new one is in my hand.我有两个球,旧的在地板上,新的在我手里。
He bought a new pen yesterday. His old one is broken.昨天他买了一支新钢笔,他那支旧的坏了。
6) one可用this,that,any,some,each,the,next,every,which等修饰,如:
Here are two umbrellas,which one is yours?This one or that one?这儿有两把伞,哪一个是你的?这个还是那个?
7)one或ones带后置定语时,前面要加定冠词,如:
Is this the one you want?这是你想要的那个吗?
8) one和it的区别,如: one和ones是泛指,表示同类中的任何一个或几个,it是特指,指代上文出现过的某一物。如: This book is a good one. May I borrow it?这是一本好书,我可以借它吗?
比较I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)
我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)
你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物)
(5)much和many的用法
much和many都有“许多”的意思,much表示或修饰不可数名词,many表示或修饰可数名词。
1)much或many多用于疑问句或否定句,在肯定句中常用a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a large quantity of,quantities of 代替,much还可用a great deal of 代替,many还可用a(large)number of代替。
2) much和many在句中可作主语、宾语或定语,many作主语时,谓语动词用复数,much作主语时,谓语动词用单数,如:
Many of the students did well this time.这次许多学生做得好。(作主语)
Much of the time is free. 许多时间是空闲的。(作主语)
I have much to say.我有许多话要说。(作宾语)
I don’t have much to do today.今天我没太多的事要做。(做宾语)
Many people wanted to stay here.许多人想呆在这儿。(作定语)
There’s much water in the bottle.瓶里有许多水。(作定语)
3) much可用作副词、作状语,表程度,如:
The city is much larger than that one.这个城市比那个城市大多了。
4) be not much意为“不怎么样”,如:
I’ve visited the country and it is not much.我拜访过那个国家,并不怎么样。
5) much还可与too连用,构成“too much+不可数名词”短语,意为“太多的……”如:
There is too much noise in the classroom. 在教室里有太多嘈杂声。
6) much还可与too连用,构成 much too“非常”副词词组,修饰形容词、副词,不修饰动词,如:
I’m much too busy to see visitors.我太忙,不能会见来访者。
7) “many a+可数名词单数”表示“许多”,如:
Many a way has been tried.己试过不止一个方法了。
8) 在名词前如果有冠词或指示代词等词时,要用many of或much of结构,如:
Many of my books are English.我的书大多是英语书。
(6)either和neither的用法
Either指“两个人或物中的任何一个”,表示肯定意义,neither指“两个人或物中一个也不,两者都不”表示否定意义。
1) 这两个词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语,作主语时谓语动词用单数,如:
Either of them has a pen. 他们两人都有一枝钢笔。(作主语)
Neither is wrong.哪个都没错。(作主语)
“Do you speak German or French?”“I don’t speak either.”“你讲德语还是法语?”“这两种语言都不说。”(作宾语)
Neither answer is right.两个答案都不对。(作定语)
I know neither of the two men.这两个人我一个也不认识。(作宾语)
There are trees on either side of the road.路两旁有树。(作定语)
2) either可放在否定句的句尾,表示“也”,如:
I don’t know either.我也不知道。
3)either修饰名词时,前面不用物主代词,表示代词或定冠词,可以说:either pen但不能说the either pen或either my pen。
4)either用作代词时,可以单独使用,也可和of连用,of后接复数名词,名词前要用一个物主代语、指示代词或定冠词,如:
He doesn’t like either of the two places.他不喜欢这两个地方中的任何一个。
5)当either of作主语时,动词一般用单数形式,但在否定句和疑问句中,动词也常用复数,特别在口语中,如:
Either of them is good enough.他们两个都足够好。
I don’t think either of them are at home.我认为他们俩都不在家。
6)either…or…,意为“不是……就是……,或者……或者……”,连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词在人称和数上要同最近的主语保持一致,如:
Either he or I am to blame.或者他或者我将受到责备。
Is either he or you going to the cinema?他去看电影,还是你去呢?
Are either you or he going to the cinema?你去看电影,还是他去呢?
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