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本科毕业论文外文翻译
外文题目：ServicesPolicyReformandEconomicGrowthinTransitionEconomies出处：TheKielInstitute作者：FelixEschenbachandBernardHoekman

原文：
ServicesPolicyReformandEconomicGrowthTransitionEconomiesFelixEschenbachandBernardHoekmanAbstractMajorchangeshaveoccurredinthestructureofformercentrallyplannedeconomies,includingasharpriseintheshareofservicesinGDP,employment,andinternationaltransactions.However,largedifferencesexistacrosstransitioneconomieswithrespecttoservicesintensityandservicespolicyreforms.Weﬁndthatreformsinpoliciestowardﬁnancialandinfrastructureservices,includingtelecommunications,power,andtransport,arehighlycorrelatedwithinwardFDI.Controllingforregressorscommonlyusedinthegrowthliterature,weﬁndthatmeasuresofservicespolicyreformarestatisticallysigniﬁcantexplanatoryvariablesforthepost-1990economicperformanceoftransitioneconomies.Theseﬁndingssuggestservicespoliciesshouldbeconsideredmoregenerallyinempiricalanalysesofeconomicgrowth.1.Introduction
OneofthestylizedfactsofeconomicdevelopmentisthattheshareofservicesinGDPandemploymentrisesaspercapitaincomesincrease(FrancoisandReinert1996.Thisreﬂectsincreasingspecializationandexchangeofservicesthroughthemarket(“outsourcing”—withanassociatedincreaseinvarietyandqualitythatmayraiseproductivityofﬁrmsandwelfareofﬁnalconsumers,inturnincreasingdemandforservices.
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Italsoreﬂectsthelimitedscopefor(laborproductivityinprovisionofsomeservices,implyingthatovertimethe(realcostsoftheseserviceswillriserelativetomerchandize,aswilltheirshareofemployment(Baumol1967;Fuchs1968.Servicesareincreasinglybecomingtradableasaresultofthegreatermobilityofpeopleandtechnologicalchange.Thisfurtherincreasesthescopeforspecializationinproductionandtrade.Thecompetitivenessofﬁrmsbothdomesticenterprisesoperatingonthelocalmarketandexportersoninternationalmarkets—dependsimportantlyontheavailability,cost,andqualityofproducerservicessuchasﬁnance,transport,andtelecommunicatesations.Servicesindustriesweregenerallyneglectedundercentralplanning.Marxistthinkingemphasizedtheimportanceoftangible(materialinputsasdeterminantsofeconomicdevelopment,andclassiﬁedemploymentintheservicessectorasunproductive.Thelackofproducerserviceswasreﬂectedintransportbottlenecks,queuingforandlowqualityoftelecommunications,theabsenceofefﬁcientﬁnancialintermediation,andmuchloweremploymentinservicesthanwasthecaseinOECDcountries(lessthan1percentofthelaborforcewasemployedinﬁnanceandinsurance.Manyoftheservicesthatarecriticaltothefunctioningofamarketeconomysimplydidnotexist—notjustaﬁnancialsectorthatcouldallocateinvestmentfundsefﬁciently,butalsodesign,advertising,packaging,distribution,logistics,management,aftersalesservices,etc.

2.ShiftsintheStructureofServicesinTransitionEconomies

TheshareofservicesinGDPandemploymenthasgrownsigniﬁcantlysince1990inalmostalltransitioneconomies.ComparedtothehighincomeOECDaveragein1990whentheshareofservicesinemploymentandGDPwasaround63percenttransitioncountriesinEuropeandCentralAsia(ECAlaggedfarbehind:servicesaccountedfor30–40percentofGDPandemployment.Asof2003,servicesshareshadincreasedsubstantially.ThegreatestgrowthisobservedintheBalticStates,whichhavealmostconvergedontheOECDaverageof68percentintermsofGDPshares,althoughemploymentsharesremainlower(Figure1.TheCentralandEasternEuropean(CEEcountriesthataccededtotheEUin2004havealsoconvergedtoalargeextent.MuchlessprogresshasbeenmadebytheCentralAsiancountries,wherenaturalresource-basedactivitiescontinuetoconstituteamajorshareofGDP.
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