结构：主语+谓语+宾语（陈述句语序）、从属连词。

连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether，和特殊疑问词（what， how， where， when等)。

that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句，

if和whether，whether...or not引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句。

He told me (that ）he would go to college the next year.

他告诉我他明年上大学。

I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.

我不知道是否还会有公交车。

Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.

没有人知道他是否会通过考试。

Teachers were asking me whether I had gone there or not at that time.

那时老师们在问我是否曾去过那里。

关联词

关联代词

关联代词主要有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等。

关联代词一般指疑问但what,whatever除了指疑问外也可以指陈述。

Do you know who has won Red Alert game

你知道是谁赢得了红色警戒的游戏么

The book will show you what the best CEO should know.

这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么。

Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia call phone

你决定好是买诺基亚还是买摩托罗拉的电话吗

关联副词

连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等。

He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.

他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。

Could you please tell me how you use the new panel

你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗

None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.

没有人知道这些新的零件能在哪里买到。

二、动词的宾语从句

大多数及物动词都可以带宾语从句

We all expect they will win,for members of their team are stronger.

我们都预料他们会赢因为他们的队员更强壮。

He told us that they would help us through the whole work.

他告诉我们在整个工作中他们都会帮忙的。

部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句

I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.

我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了。

Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip

你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗

动词短语也可以带宾语从句

常见的这些词有

make sure     确保

make up one’s mind     下决心

keep in mind     牢记

Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.

当你在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误。

可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句

①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe,think等后面有宾语补足语的时候则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.

I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .

我认为我们每天多喝开水是有必要的。

I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.

我没去聚会感觉非常遗憾。

I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.

我每天写日记成了习惯。

We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this matter.

我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要。

②有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it双宾语

这类动词主要有hate,take,owe,have,see ,,

mail,offer,pass,pay,post,read,return,show,teach,tell

I hate it when they say with their mouths full of food.

我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话。

He will have it that our plan is really practical.

他会认为我们的计划确实可行。

We take it that you will agree with us.

我们认为你会同意我们的。

When you start the engine,you must see to it that car is in neutral.

开启发动机时一定要使汽车的离合器处于空档位置。

③若宾语从句是wh-类则不可用it代替

We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.

我们都认为你所说的是不可信的。

We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.

我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有价值的。

Can you tell me if there any shop here

你能告诉我这里有商店吗

三、介词的宾语从句

用whether之类的介词宾语从句

We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.

我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部。

The new book is about how Shenzhou six manned spaceship was sent up into space.

这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的。

用that,if引导的介词宾语从句

有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句

I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.

对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班其他一无所知。

四、形容词的宾语从句

有些形容词具有动词的含义所以也可以带一个宾语从句例如

1. I am sorry I am late.

I am glad that you can join us.

Are you sure his answer is right

常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有 sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised

I am sure I will pass the exam.

我确信我会通过考试。

I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.

很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你。

He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.

他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他。

五、if与whether

1)whether和if常用来引导宾语从句这时两者的含义区别很小一般可通用。例如①I don't know whether/if they will come to help us. 我不知道他们是否来帮助我们。②I am not sure whether/if I'll have time to go with you. 我很难说我们是否有时间跟你们一起去。上面两句无区别。但是当whether与or not连成一个词组时whether不可换用if。例如③I don't know whether or not they will come for our help. 我不知道他们是否要来求我们支援。【注意】若whether和or not不连在一起在口语中可以用if取代whether当然也可以用whether。例如④I am not certain if/whether the train will arrive on time. 我没有把握火车是否准时到达。⑤I don't care if/whether your car breaks down or not. 我不在乎您的车是否是会出故障。此外还有三种情况值得注意(1)在介词后面只能用whether不能用if。例如①This depends upon whether we are determined to do it. 这件事要看我们是否有决心去做。②It depends on whether he is ready. 这件事要看他是否有准备。③I am not interested in whether you'll come or not. 你来不来我不感兴趣。④We haven't settled the question of whether we'll renew our supplies of coal for factory. 是否要为我们工厂补充一些煤这个问题我们还没有决定。(2)在动词不定式之前只能用whether不能用if。例如①He doesn't know whether to stay or not. 他不能知道是否要留下来。②She doesn't knows whether to get married now or wait. 是否现在结婚或是等待她不知道。(3)在及物动词discuss后的宾语从句中只能用whether不能用if。例如①We discussed whether we should make a change in our plan. 我们讨论了是不是要对我们的计划作一些修改。②We were discussing whether we should discuss the business with them. 我们正在讨论我们是否要和他们谈这个生意。2)引导主语从句时只能用whether不能用if。例如①It is unknown whether he will come. 他是否来还不知道。②Whether the news is true remains a question. 这个消息是否真实仍然是个问题。3)引导表语从句时只能用whether不能用if。例如①What we want to know is whether he will come to speak to us tomorrow. 我们想知道的是他明天是否来给我们讲话。②The question is whether they can take our advice. 问题是他们是否能接受我们的意见。4)引导同位语从句时常用whether。例如①The question whether we'll build another lecture building hasn't been settled. 是否要另建一幢教学楼的问题还未决定。②The question whether he'll come is unknown. 他是否来的问题还不知道。5)可以用来引导一个否定的宾语从句whether则不能用来引导否定的宾语从句因为它表示正反两方面的选择意义比较强。例如①Tell me if it is not going to rain, please. 请告诉我明天是否不会下雨。②He considered if he shouldn't tell her the secret. 他考虑他是否不该告诉她这个秘密。6)if除引导宾语从句外还可以引导条件状语从句作“是否”解。在容易引起混淆产生歧义的情况下就不可用if而须用whether。例如Please let me know if you intend to come.这个句子有两种解释 A“请让我们知道你是否想来。” B“如果你打算来请让我们知道。” 第一种解释是把if引导的从句看作宾语从句把动词know视为及物动词(vt)第二种解释是把if引导的从句当作条件状语从句把动词know看作不及物动词(vi)。在口语中我们可以通过语调来表示两者的区别但是在书面语中无上下文(如一张便条上写着这句话)那就含混不清了。如果我们想表达的第一种含义就得用whether来改写第一句。①Please let me know whether you intend to come. 又如②Let me know whether he has left for Shanghai. 告诉我他是否已经去上海了。③Let me know if he has left for Shanghai. 如果他去上海请告诉我一声。此外whether还可以引导让步状语从句作“无论、不管”解这儿就略而不谈了!

六、不省略引导词that

当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时

当宾语从句较长时

当主语状语置于主句尾宾语从句之前时

当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时

当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时此时第一个that可以省略第二个that不可以省略

当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时

当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时

当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时

当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时

当宾语从句有it做其先行词时

在直接引语中转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.

当that在从句中充当主语时

七、否定转移

宾语从句的反意疑问句主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess等并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.

I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.

I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim.

我相信那人不是Jim杀的。

如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.通常我们称为否定前疑。

We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he

我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课是不是

八、时态和语序

当主句为现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.

当主句为过去时

①从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生

I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn’t know which country he was in.

我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书可不知道是哪个国家。

He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.

他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读《老人与海》。

②从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前

He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.

他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉了Mary。

③从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后

The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.

记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱。

④如果从句是一个客观真理那么从句的时态不根据主句的时态而变化

The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.

老师昨天说月亮围着地球转。

⑤当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时不能按正常语序安排经常将这类引导词置于句首

Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year

你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手

无论任何时候都为陈述语序。