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湖南师范大学2013－2014学年研究生英语课程考试

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湖南师范大学2013－2014学年研究生英语课程考试

Dec. 2013

（专业学位）研究生英语考试试卷

考试类型：闭卷 试卷代码：500000000018 考试时量：120分钟

Part One：Listening Comprehension (20 points)

Section A

Directions: In this section, you’ll hear 9 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a

question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and the question will be spoken

only once. Then there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked

A, B, C and D, and decide which one is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the

Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

1. A. The project proved to be successful.

B. Mr. Graves didn’t get sufficient money.

C. Lack of land prevented his success.

D. Mr. Graves failed in carrying out his project.

2. A. Professor and student.

B. Boss and secretary.

C. Interviewer and interviewee.

D. Doctor and patient.

3. A. He is going to talk to people in a foreign country.

B. He is interested in learning a foreign language.

C. He wants to be humorous while talking to other people.

D. His interpreter is not with him.

4. A. Where the new restaurant is located.

B. Where the woman got the coupon.

C. Where the woman is going to dinner.

D. Where the woman’s cousin lives.

5. A. Buy the children new toys.

B. Ask for compensation in court.

C. Get herself some new clothes.

D. Move to a new neighborhood.

6. A. In a pharmacy.

B. In a supermarket.

C. In a clinic.

D. In a library.

7. A. He’ll turn up the heat as soon as class is over.

B. He can’t address the problem right now.

C. He’s already wearing a sweater.

D. He doesn’t think the room is too cold.

8. A. The man and woman shopped all over town.

B. The woman went to many different stores.

C. The woman bought some bookcases on sale.

D. The man sold the woman some expensive bookcases.

9. A. She walks like a duck.

B. She wants to be a painter.

C. She wants to lose weight.

D. She is too timid.

Section B

Directions: In this section you will hear 2 passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken two times. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Passage One

10. A. To lower the temperature to -10oC as quickly as possible.

B. To lower the temperature to -14oC as quickly as possible.

C. To lower the temperature to -18oC as quickly as possible.

D. To lower the temperature to -24oC as quickly as possible.

11. A. It can sweeten the fruit and bring out its natural juices.

B. The fruit will not stick to the container.

C. It can permit the fruit to freeze quickly.

D. Fruits and vegetables can spread out inside the freezer.

Passage Two

12. A. They had to distinguish the smell.

B. They had to tell what is in the box.

C. They had to tell which smell they like.

D. They were asked to smell the boxes for a whole day.

13. A. They were asked to wear a T-shirt for six days.

B. They had to take activities to sweat.

C. They had to produce strong smells.

D. They couldn’t take any activities during those days.

Passage Three

14. A. South Africa and Australia.

B. Mexico and Japan.

C. Florida and Virginia.

D. Maryland and California.

15. A. They must have a good command of English.

B. They must have a master’s degree.

C. They have taught students between the ages of 5 and 18 for 3 years.

D. They must have 2 years of driving experience.

Section C

Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage twice. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 16 to 20 with the exact words you have just heard.

The world Health Organization says more effort is needed to stop the trade in 16 . The United Nations health agency says countries must work together to fight the growing threat from drugs that are not what they seem.

W.H.O. officials discussed the problem during a recent high-level meeting in Rome. 17 at the conference included 18 of government agencies, consumer groups and the drug industry. The World Health Organization says the drugs are part of a wider problem of low-quality medicines. But it says the difference is that they are 19 . Some contain no active substances. Some contain dangerous substances. The evil drugs can also add to the problem of drug resistance.

Criminals often target high-demand drugs such as 20 , malaria drugs and painkillers. Also, with recent fears about bird flu, there have been reports of the fake use of the antiviral drug Tamiflu.

Part Two: Reading Comprehension (30 points)

Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statement. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Passage 1

It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive packaging rumpus(喧闹；口角)started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him， Mrs．Hart，and their children were becoming higher and narrower， with a declining of net weight from 12 to 10．5 ounces, without any reduction in price．There were still twelve biscuits，but they had been reduced in size. Later, the Senator rightly complained of a store-bought pie in a handsomely illustrated box that pictured，in a single slice，almost as many cherries as there were in the whole pie．

The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing his package size to lower the quantity delivered can，without undue hardship，put his product into boxes, bags, and tins that will contain even 4-ounce，8-ounce，one-pound，two-pound quantities of breakfast foods， cake mixes，etc．A study of drugstore and supermarket shelves will convince any observer that all possible sizes and shapes of boxes，jars，bottles，and tins are in use at the same time, and, as the package journals show，week by week，there is never any hesitation in introducing a new size and shape of box or bottle when it aids in product differentiation. The producers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights and volumes, but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred by endless changes of package sizes，materials, shape，art work，and net weights that are used for improving a product’s market position．

When a packaging expert explained that he was able to multiply the price of hard sweets by 2.5，from 1 dollar to 2．50 dollars by changing to a fancy jar，or that he had made a 5-ounce bottle look as though it held 8 ounces, he was in effect telling the public that packaging can be a very expensive luxury. It evidently does come high，when an average family pays about 200 dollars a year for bottles, cans，boxes，jars and other containers, most of which can't be used for anything but stuffing the garbage can.

21. What started the public and Congressional concern about deceptive packaging rumpus?

A．Consumers’ complaints about the changes in package size.

B．Expensive packaging for poor quality products．

C．A senator's discovery of the tricks in packaging.

D．The rise in the unit price for many products．

22. The word “undue” (Line 2，Para．2) means“ ”.

A．improper B．adequate C．unexpected D．excessive

23. Consumers are concerned about the changes in the package size，mainly because .

A．they hate to see any changes in things they are familiar with

B．the unit price for a product often rises as a result

C．they have to pay for the cost of changing package

D．this entails an increase in the cost of packaging

24. According to this passage，various types of packaging come into existence to .

A．meet the needs of consumers B．suit all kinds of products

C．enhance the market position of products D．introduce new products

25. The author is critical mainly of .

A．dishonest packaging B．inferior packaging

C．the changes in package size D．exaggerated illustrations on packages

Passage 2

America is in no immediate danger of "running out of water". People in the West have been aware that water is a precious commodity and must be conserved. In the damp East, an excess of water led to complacency until two factors created concern over our water supply. First, the periods of drought from the 1961 to 1966 in the Northeast affected crop production and used up the surface and ground water supplies. Second, attention was called to rapid increases in the rates of pollution of these waters resulting from increased urban and industrial growth. As a result, there is an increasing awareness of the need for conserving the quantity and quality of our nation's water supplies.

Water is a renewable resource, but it is not exhaustible. When used for municipal, industrial, or agricultural purposes, it is not destroyed, but generally finds its way back into our water supply. This used water now carries some waste materials. These dirty waters are often dumped into large bodies of water or are disposed of on land. In the latter instance, evaporation concentrates some of the wastes on the soil surface. On the other hand, water moving through the soil will eventually carry some of the wastes down into the ground water supplies, Eventually, all water evaporates and later returns to the earth as rain or snow in a relatively purer state.

Through this never-ending cycle, there is just as much water in this country now as there ever was. The amount, however, does not increase. Our rapid population growth and our agricultural and industrial expansion have caused our water needs to soar. By withdrawing water from streams too quickly, we have in some instances upset the balance of nature's built-in renewal processes for conserving water. As a result, some of our streams and lakes have become "wet deserts." There is still plenty of water in them, but its water is so polluted that it supports almost no life at all.

26. The passage is mainly about_____.

A. water resources of the United States

B. the renewal processes of water in mature

C. the importance of water conservation

D.water pollution in America

27. The word "drought" in the sentence "First, the periods of drought---ground water supplies." most probably means_____.

A. catastrophe of too much rain

B. danger of running out of water

C. calamity dry weather

D. damage caused by typhoon

28. Water is relatively purer in_____.

A. fast moving streams and rivers

B. underground water supplies

C. mountainous areas

D. rain and snow

29. When the author says that lakes have become "wet deserts",._____

A. he is being angry

B. he is being optimistic

C. he is being sad

D. he is being humorous

30. It is implied in the passage that______

A. water can be polluted by deserts

B. there are many water conservation programs in America

C. water keeps evaporating from the earth's surface

D. water is not polluted by waster materials

Passage 3

It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

No longer. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.

The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

31. In the first paragraph, the author discusses

A. the background information of journal editing.

B. the publication routine of laboratory reports.

C. the relations of authors with journal publishers.

D. the traditional process of journal publication.

32. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?

A. It criticizes government-funded research.

B. It introduces an effective means of publication.

C. It upsets profit-making journal publishers.

D. It benefits scientific research considerably.

33. According to the text, online publication is significant in that

A. it provides an easier access to scientific results.

B. it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.

C. it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.

D. it facilitates public investment in scientific research.

34. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to

A. cover the cost of its publication.

B. subscribe to the journal publishing it.

C. allow other online journals to use it freely.

D. complete the peer-review before submission.

35. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?

A. The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.

B. A new mode of publication is emerging.

C. Authors welcome the new channel for publication.

D. Publication is rendered easier by online service.

Passage 4

Baekeland and Hartmann report that the “short sleepers” had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens. But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities. These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines.
　　In general, these “short sleeps” appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist(不动摇) in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices. They often held several jobs at once, or workers full-or part-time while going to school. And many of them had a strong urge to appear “normal” or “acceptable” to their friends and associates.
　　When asked to recall their dreams, the “short sleepers” did poorly. More than this, they seemed to prefer not remembering. In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away.
　　The sleep patterns of the “short sleepers” were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic(疯人).
　　The “long sleepers” were quite different indeed. Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood. They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the “short sleepers.”
　　Many of the “long sleepers” were shy, anxious, introverted (内向), inhibited (压抑), passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations). Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems.
　　36. According to the report,______.
　　A) many short sleepers need less sleep by nature
　　B) many short sleepers are obliged to reduce their nightly sleep time because they are busy with their work
　　C) long sleepers sleep a longer period of time during the day
　　D) many long sleepers preserve their sleeping habit formed during their childhood
　　37. Many “short sleepers” are likely to hold the view that _____.
　　A) sleep is a withdrawal from the reality
　　B) sleep interferes with their sound judgement
　　C) sleep is the least expensive item on their routine program
　　D) sleep is the best way to deal with psychological troubles
　　38. It is stated in the third paragraph that short sleepers _____.
　　A) are ideally vigorous even under the pressures of life
　　B) often neglect the consequences of inadequate sleep
　　C) do not know how to relax properly
　　D) are more unlikely to run into mental problems
　　39. When sometimes they cannot enjoy adequate sleep, the long sleepers might ____.
　　A) appear disturbed
　　B) become energetic
　　C) feel dissatisfied
　　D) be extremely depressed
40. Which of the following is Not included in the passage?
　　A) If one sleeps inadequately, his performance suffers and his memory is weakened
　　B) The sleep patterns of short sleepers are exactly the sane as those shown by many mental patients
　　C) Long and short sleepers differ in their attitudes towards sleep
　　D) Short sleepers would be better off with more rest

Part Three: Vocabulary (10 points)

Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the statement. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

41. Some people think that a ___ translation, or word-for-word translation, is easier than a free

translation.

A. literal B. literary C. liberal D. linear

42. According to the latest report, consumer confidence ___ a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.

A. soared B. mutated C. plummeted D. fluctuated

43. It is my hope that everyone in this class should their errors before it is too late.

A. expel B. exclude C. refute D. rectify

44. The policeman stopped him when he was driving home and him of speeding.

A. charged B. accused C. blamed D. deprived

45. Thanks to the heavy rain, the enemy’s cannons were ____ almost useless.

A. rendered B. weakened C. offended D. surrendered

46. The president’s speech was interpreted into several languages through____ interpretation.

A. faithful B. corresponding C. simultaneous D. chorus

47. Once the drug is approved for sale , doctors will be able to it as the best cure for his illness.

A. sell B. prescribe C. refill D. diagnose

48. Everything was fine between Jack and Jane until the woman stepped in, and now Jane was trying to ____ their marriage.

A. set up B. build up C. take up D. patch up

49. The whole family was enjoying a leisurely _____ in the sunshine.

A. wander B. stroll C. ramble D. roving

50. Although he was quite prepared to resort to dubious tricks himself , he was incensed if one was used against him.

A. presumably B. fiercely C. righteously D. rightfully

51. The cultural life of the country will sink into unless more writers and artists appear.

A. entropy B. atrophy C. contraction D. decay

52. The plan must be given up. If the road is built，the local ecosystem will be damaged.

A. irresistibly B. irreplaceably C. irreversibly D. irresponsibly

53. It has been said that the essayist Henry David Thoreau was outspoken and usually ______little effort to please others.

A. put out B. put forth C. put up D. put down

54. Arthur is captured and visited by Montanelli. Arthur reveals his to Montanelli, who is delighted to find that he is still alive.

A. identification B. complexion C. formula D. identity

55. It would be wrong to assume that rich countries will always be able to insulate themselves with drugs against the of new diseases.

A. ravages B. destructions C. deterrences D. savages

56. Though life on the street is hard, she is not to return to her

family because she thinks there is no chance of working out the problem there.

A. attracted B. lured C. enticed D. tempted

57.The local government has ___ a number of colleges and technical schools to meet the needs of the rapidly expanding economy in the region.

A) set about B) set off C) set out D) set up

58. Despite the scorching heat, the farmers ___ working until all the crops were got in.

A) kept up B) kept on C) kept off D) keep from

59. Clara was____ to sell her late husband’s painting to pay her debt.

A) qualified B) assumed C) compelled D) racked

60. She has inherited from her mother a ______ for indiscretion.

A. orientation B. propensity C. melancholy D. seclusion

Part Four: Cloze (10 points)

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this __61__—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the __62__ to put computers in the classroom.
An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a/an __63__ education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is __64__ required by law. It is not simply to __65__ everyone's job prospects that all children are legally __66__ to attend school into their teens.Rather, we have a certain __67__ of the American citizen, a character who is __68__ if he cannot competently assess __69__ his livelihood and happiness are affected by things __70__ of himself.
But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain __71__, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped __72__ nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is __73__ to be educated. Computer-education advocates __74__ this optimistic notion for a pessimism that __75__ their otherwise cheery outlook. __76__ on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often __77__ the job prospects of graduates over their educational __78__.
There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools __79__ the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are __80__ equipped for the professions they want to join.

61. A. distinction B. topic C. separation D. education

62. A. campaign B. practice C. action D. goal
63. A. informal B. basic C. technical D. expensive
64. A. differently B. universally C.conversely D. regularly
65. A.form B. consist C. arise D. raise
66. A. ordered B. inquired C. required D. acquired

67. A. conception B. information C. theme D. imagination
68. A. complete B. accomplished C. incomplete D. improper
69. A. why B. what C. where D. how
70. A. inside B. outside C. beside D. aside
71. A. year B. age C. day D. extent
72. A. in B. at C. by D. with
73. A. fit B. responsible C. suitable D. able
74. A. consider B. forgetting C. forget D. foretell
75. A. believes B. becomes C. bears D. betrays
76. A. Encountering B. Banking C. Devising D. Seeking
77. A. emphasize B. encourage C. engage D. enlarge
78. A. academy B. position C. degree D. achievement
79. A. interact B. introduce C. announce D. invent
80. A. traditionally B. drastically C. properly D. hardly

Part Five: Translation (15 points)

Directions: Put the following short paragraphs into Chinese.

Paragraph 1

The ultimate challenge is to shape the common concern of most countries and all major ones regarding the economic crisis, together with a common fear of jihadist terrorism, into a common strategy reinforced by the realization that the new issues like proliferation, energy and climate change permit no national or regional solution. A relationship that started on both China and the U.S. as essentially a strategic design to constrain a common adversary has evolved over the decade into a pillar of the international system.

Paragraph 2

Disorder is the path of least resistance, the easy but not the inevitable road. Social institutions—like atoms and stars—decay if energy is not added to keep them ordered. Friendships and families and economies all fall apart unless we constantly make an effort to keep them working and well oiled. And far too few people, it seems to me, are willing to contribute consistently to those efforts.

Paragraph 3

When all is said and done, the college should encourage each student to develop the capacity to judge wisely in matters of life and conduct. Time must be taken for exploring ambiguities and reflecting on the imponderables of life—in classrooms, in the rathskellers, and in bull sessions late at night. The goal is not to indoctrinate students, but to set them free in the world of ideas and provide a climate in which ethical and moral choices can be thoughtfully examined, and convictions formed.

Part Six: Writing (15 points)

Directions: It is said that “Habit is a second nature! Habit is ten times nature.” Do you share the same opinion? Please write an essay of no less than 150 words entitled On Habit on the Answer Sheet.

浅埋暗挖隧道工艺标准

1.竖井

1.1适用范围：

本章适用于浅埋暗挖隧道开挖的竖井由格栅钢架、钢筋网片、喷射混凝土联合组成初期支护的施工及验收。

1.2编制参考标准及规范

《地下铁道工程施工及验收标准》GB50299-1999

《铁路隧道施工规范》TB10204-2002 J163-2002

1.3术语

（1）圈梁：竖井棚架支护底座的钢筋混凝土结构。

（2）竖井棚架：采用工字钢等型钢焊接成型的吊装骨架，用于提升、倒运竖井及隧道内垃圾和各种材料的吊运装置。

（3）格栅钢架：用钢筋或型钢焊接加工而形成的 架式支架。

（4）喷射混凝土：利用压缩空气或其它动力，将按一定配比拌制的混凝土混合物沿管路输送至喷头处，以较高速度垂直射于受喷面，依赖喷射过程中水泥与骨料的连续撞击，压密而形成的一种混凝土。

（5）干喷：将水泥和骨料干拌后送到喷嘴，在喷嘴的前端让其与水合流的一种混凝土的施工方法。

（6）湿喷：将水泥和骨料加水搅拌均匀后直接喷射到受喷面上的一种混凝土施工方法。

（7）初期支护：当设计要求隧洞的永久支护分期完成时，隧洞开挖后及时施工的支护。

（8）钢支撑：采用工字钢等型钢焊接成型的支护钢架，用于支撑初衬结构的一种支护方式。

1.4一般规定

1.4.1竖井的断面形式可采用矩形或圆形，当地质情况较差时宜采用圆形。

1.4.2竖井井口应做锁口圈梁，锁口圈梁应在井身掘进前完成。

1.4.3竖井应设防雨棚，井口周围应设防汛墙和栏杆。

1.4.4 竖井应安装上下爬梯，爬梯应牢固可靠，利于行走，不影响竖井施工和运输。

1.4.5施工中竖井口、井底、绞车房和工作吊盘间均应有联系信号，必要时可设直通电话。

1.5工艺流程

（I）锁口圈梁

1.5.1圈梁施工前应进行复核量测，确定竖井准确位置。

1.5.2开挖圈梁时严禁扰动圈梁底部土方，清出圈梁底后可直接浇注垫层混凝土.

1.5.3垫层混凝土应沿线路方向灌注，布灰应均匀，其允许偏差为：

＋5

高程 mm，表面平整度3mm。

－10

1.5.4挡水墙高度应高于现况地面该地区最高降水量。

1.5.5圈梁钢筋施工应符合下列规定：

1 钢筋进场后检查出厂材质证明，并按规格、使用部位编号分别加垫木堆放。苫盖，防止雨淋生锈。

2 钢筋绑扎前检查钢筋是否锈蚀，除锈后方可绑扎。

3 施工垫层浇注完毕并上强度后方可进行圈梁钢筋施工。

4 钢筋绑扎应用同标号砂浆垫块或塑料卡支垫，支垫间距为1m左右，并按行列式或交错式摆放，垫块或塑料卡与钢筋应固定牢固。

5 钢筋绑扎搭接35d，钢筋搭接时，中间和两端共绑扎3处，并必须单独绑扎后，再和交叉钢筋绑扎，钢筋绑扎搭接接头必须错开。

6 单支箍筋和双支箍筋拐角处与主筋交叉点全部绑扎，双支箍筋平直部分与主筋交叉点可交叉绑扎。

7 箍筋位置保证正确并垂直主筋，双支箍筋弯钩叠合处，沿受力方向错开设置，单支箍筋可按交错式排列。

8 钢筋绑扎牢固稳定，不得变形松脱和开焊。

9 圈梁埋件必须固定，保证牢固、位置正确，埋铁位置根据现场情况设置。

10验收标准：

钢筋:主筋分布间距： ±10

双层筋间距： ±10

保护层厚度： ±5

双支箍筋单面满焊 10d

1.5.6圈梁模板施工应符合下列规定：

1 钢筋绑扎完毕验收后方可支搭模板。

2 模板进场后立即对模板除锈，并码放好，做好苫盖，模板使用前再对模板刷隔离剂。

3 模板铺设应牢固、平整、接缝严密不漏浆，相邻两块模板接缝平齐，高低差不大于2mm。支架系统连接应牢固稳定。

4 混凝土强度达到设计强度50%方可拆除模板，拆除的模板及时清除灰渣及时维修，妥善保管。

5 验收标准

模板：表面平整度：3

模内尺寸：+3

轴线位移：5

1.5.7圈梁混凝土施工应符合下列规定：

1 模板验收完毕后方可浇注混凝土。

2 混凝土浇注一般采用灰溜子浇注，配合人工手推车浇注。

3 混凝土振捣采用插入式梅花形振捣，振捣间距不大于50cm，振捣棒插入混凝土内每次不短于3分钟，直至混凝土表面不起泡为准，保证混凝土的振捣密实。

4 混凝土塌落度14～16cm。

5 混凝土浇注时严禁向混凝土中加水。

6 混凝土终凝后采用浇水养护，养护时间不少于14天。

7 混凝土抗压和抗渗试件应在灌注地点制作。

7.验收标准（mm）

轴线位移 20

高程 +20

垂直度 15

厚度 %%p10

1.5.8圈梁钢筋、模板、混凝土施工还应符合7.1、7.2、7.3有关规定。

（II）竖井棚架

1.6.1竖井一般采用龙门架和电葫芦做为运输系统，并设防雨棚。

1.6.2施工中所采用的龙门架和电葫芦必须经过计算，是否能够达到竖井提升要求。

1.6.3龙门架各立柱应设钢筋混凝土独立墩，并准确定位竖井圈梁上柱脚预埋铁位置

1.6.4安装龙门架应首先立托梁，然后架设行梁，再立龙门架的吊梁，最后架设横撑和斜撑。

1.6.5龙门架立柱与预埋铁之间应加设焊接三角钢板，焊缝长度不低于2cm。

1.6.6电葫芦安装前，应仔细检查有无损坏或丢失的零部件，并给起升和运行减速器加油，将加油孔密封，严防渗漏。

1.6.7根据导轨情况，用调整垫圈调整电葫芦轨道，保证轮缘与轨道翼缘间有4mm间隙。

1.6.8在轨道两端设置弹性缓冲器，以保证电葫芦行至两端不脱轨或防止破坏机体。

1.6.9在轨道或其连接的构架上设置地线，接地线为截面不小于25mm的金属导线。

1.6.10龙门架和电葫芦使用中应经常检查、维修和保养。

1.6.11 提升设备不得超负荷作业，运输速度应符合设备技术要求；

1.6.12提升设备应有深度指示器和防过卷、过速等保护装置以及限速器和松绳信号等。

1.6.13提升用的钢丝绳和各种悬挂用的连接装置，应具有规定的安全系数，使用前应进行拉力试验，合格后方可安装。

（III）竖井开挖

1.7.1 竖井开挖采用逐榀开挖,每榀对角开挖,开挖顺序为①--③--②--④，严禁全断面开挖。

1.7.2 竖井格栅榀距严格按照设计要求进行，绝不允许超挖。

1.7.3竖井土方开挖严禁向下和向外超挖，尽可能避免对竖井侧壁土质的扰动。

（IV）格栅安装

1.8.1格栅宜选用钢筋、型钢、钢轨等制成。格栅钢筋的主筋直径不宜小于18mm。

1.8.2格栅应在开挖挂网或喷混凝土后及时架设。

1.8.3安装前应清除底脚下的废渣及杂物。格栅安装允许偏差：横向和高程为±5cm,垂直度为±2°。

1.8.4格栅安装可在开挖面以人工进行，各节钢架间宜以连接板、螺栓和加强筋连接。

1.8.5各格栅间宜采用竖向连接筋连接，竖井四角必须各设连接筋1根。

1.8.6钢筋网片铺设应平整，并与格栅连接牢固，钢筋网片搭接长度不小于一个网孔。

1.8.7钢筋格栅采用双层钢筋网时，应在格栅里外侧各铺设一层，并连接牢固。

1.8.8钢筋焊接10d，单面满焊，格栅连接板处设置4根加强筋。

1.8.9钢筋焊接时，引弧在形成焊缝部位进行，不得烧伤主筋。

1.8.10钢筋焊接过程中及时清渣，焊缝表面光滑，焊缝余高平缓过渡，弧坑必须填满。

1.8.11钢筋焊接的焊缝厚度不小于主筋直径的0.3倍，焊缝宽度不小于主筋直径的0.7倍。

1.8.12格栅应与所喷混凝土形成一体，保护层厚度不得小于40mm。格栅与围岩间的间隙必须用喷混凝土天实。

（V）钢支撑

1.9.1竖井支护一般采用盘撑和对撑等钢支撑支护方式。

1.9.2竖井钢支撑应在竖井挖至一定深度时，按照设计要求及时安装，一般自地面6米以上，不大于3米设一道，6米以下不大于2米设一道；最下一道钢支撑做至竖井底板上30cm。钢支撑应牢固可靠，对竖井壁能够施加预应力，起到支护作用。

1.9.3竖井钢支撑一般采用不低于30＃工字钢；八字支撑采用不低于25#工字钢。

1.9.4钢支撑需要设置支架时，其支架一般采用Φ48钢管，每两根为一组，间距不大于3米，结构外露稍大于所采用的工字钢宽度，入土不小于1.0米，结构内与钢格栅焊接牢固,钢支撑和支架应在同一平面内。

1.9.5工字钢切割面无裂纹、夹渣、分层和大于1mm的缺棱。

1.9.6焊缝表面不得有裂纹、焊瘤、烧穿、弧坑等缺陷。焊逢外形均匀，焊道与焊道之间过渡平滑、焊渣与飞溅物清除干净。

1.9.7竖井结构施工时，钢支撑上不得堆放材料或其它重物。发现变形、楔子松动或支撑系统出现故障时，必须及时处理。

1.9.8钢支撑应随竖井回填自下而上逐层拆除，边拆边回填，必要时应采取加固措施。

1.9.9验收标准

钢支撑安装位置允许偏差：

高程 ±50mm

水平间距 ±100mm

（VI）喷射混凝土

1.10.1喷射混凝土应在格栅安装后及时进行，亦采用湿喷工艺。

1.10.2喷射混凝土前应清理场地，清扫受喷面；对机具设备进行试运转。就绪后方可进行混凝土喷射作业。

1.10.3混凝土配合比应通过试验确定，满足混凝土强度和喷射工艺要求。

1.10.4喷射混凝土作业应自下而上施工，混凝土终凝至下一循环开挖土方时间应不小于3小时。

1.10.5作业开始时必须先送风，后开机，再给料;结束时，应待料喷完后再关风。

1.10.6喷射作业完毕或因故中断喷射时，必须将喷射机和输料管内的积料清除干净。

1.10.7喷射机应具有良好的密封性能，喷头应具有良好的工作性能。施工时喷头与喷面保持垂直，保持0.6～1.0 m的距离。喷手在施工时必须控制好水灰比，保持混凝土面平整，呈湿润光泽，无干斑或滑移流淌现象。

1.10.8混合料应随拌随喷，不掺混合料的干拌料，存放时间不应大于2h；掺有速凝剂的干混合料，存放时间不应大于20min.

1.10.9喷射混凝土回弹量不大于15%。

1.10.10喷射混凝土后应进行养护和保护,养护时间不得低于14d，温度低于5℃不得浇水养护。所喷混凝土达不到设计强度的40％不得受冻。

1.10.11验收标准

表面平整度允许偏差 30mm

矢弦比不大于 1/6

（VII）竖井封底

1.11.1施工开挖接近井底200mm时，不得超挖或扰动井底土方。

1.11.2封底严禁全断面开挖,采用分段开挖预留封底钢筋施工,封底钢筋与竖井格栅焊接成整体。

1.11.3竖井井底应平整压实，其允许偏差为：

＋5

高程 mm，表面平整度20mm，并在1m范围内不得多于1处。井底经

－10

检查合格后，应及时进行施工混凝土垫层。

1.11.4钢筋焊接10d;钢筋绑扎搭接35d,钢筋搭接时,中间和两端共绑扎3处,并单独绑扎后,再和交叉钢筋绑扎,钢筋绑扎搭接接头错开。

1.11.5钢筋绑扎牢固,不得有松脱开焊。

1.11.6施工中根据现场情况预留罐坑,竖井两端预留泵坑,泵坑、罐坑周边及坑底采用钢筋和双层网片支护,并喷护混凝土。

1.11.7验收标准

钢筋:主筋分布间距： ±10

双层筋间距： ±10

保护层厚度： ±5

喷射混凝土:喷层厚度 不小于设计厚度

砼强度 不小于设计强度

井底标高 -20,0

1.11.4钢筋焊接10d;钢筋绑扎搭接35d,钢筋搭接时,中间和两端共绑扎3处,并单独绑扎后,再和交叉钢筋绑扎,钢筋绑扎搭接接头错开。

1.11.5钢筋绑扎牢固,不得有松脱开焊。

1.11.6施工中根据现场情况预留罐坑7.3竖井土方开挖严禁向下和向外超挖，尽可能避免对竖井侧壁土质的扰动。

（IV）格栅安装

1.8.1格栅宜选用钢筋、型钢、钢轨等制成。格栅钢筋的主筋直径不宜小于18mm。

1.8.2格栅应在开挖挂网或喷混凝土后及时架设。

1.8.3安装前应清除底脚下的废渣及杂物。格栅安装允许偏差：横向和高程为±5cm,垂直度为±2°。

1.8.4格栅安装可在开挖面以人工进行，各节钢架间宜以连接板、螺栓和加强筋连接。

1.8.5各格栅间宜采用竖向连接筋连接，竖井四角必须各设连接筋1根。

1.8.6钢筋网片铺设应平整，并与格栅连接牢固，钢筋网片搭接长度不小于一个网孔。

1.8.7钢筋格栅采用双层钢筋网时，应在格栅里外侧各铺设一层，并连接牢固。

1.8.8钢筋焊接10d，单面满焊，格栅连接板处设置4根加强筋。

1.8.9钢筋焊接时，引弧在形成焊缝部位进行，不得烧伤主筋。

1.8.10钢筋焊接过程中及时清渣，焊缝表面光滑，焊缝余高平缓过渡，弧坑必须填满。

1.8.11钢筋焊接的焊缝厚度不小于主筋直径的0.3倍，焊缝宽度不小于主筋直径的0.7倍。

1.8.12格栅应与所喷混凝土形成一体，保护层厚度不得小于40mm。格栅与围岩间的间隙必须用喷混凝土天实。

（V）钢支撑

1.9.1竖井支护一般采用盘撑和对撑等钢支撑支护方式。

1.9.2竖井钢支撑应在竖井挖至一定深度时，按照设计要求及时安装，一般自地面6米以上，不大于3米设一道，6米以下不大于2米设一道；最下一道钢支撑做至竖井底板上30cm。钢支撑应牢固可靠，对竖井壁能够施加预应力，起到支护作用。

1.9.3竖井钢支撑一般采用不低于30＃工字钢；八字支撑采用不低于25#工字钢。

1.9.4钢支撑需要设置支架时，其支架一般采用Φ48钢管，每两根为一组，间距不大于3米，结构外露稍大于所采用的工字钢宽度，入土不小于1.0米，结构内与钢格栅焊接牢固,钢支撑和支架应在同一平面内。

1.9.5工字钢切割面无裂纹、夹渣、分层和大于1mm的缺棱。

1.9.6焊缝表面不得有裂纹、焊瘤、烧穿、弧坑等缺陷。焊逢外形均匀，焊道与焊道之间过渡平滑、焊渣与飞溅物清除干净。

1.9.7竖井结构施工时，钢支撑上不得堆放材料或其它重物。发现变形、楔子松动或支撑系统出现故障时，必须及时处理。

1.9.8钢支撑应随竖井回填自下而上逐层拆除，边拆边回填，必要时应采取加固措施。

1.9.9验收标准

钢支撑安装位置允许偏差：

高程 ±50mm

水平间距 ±100mm

（VI）喷射混凝土

1.10.1喷射混凝土应在格栅安装后及时进行，亦采用湿喷工艺。

1.10.2喷射混凝土前应清理场地，清扫受喷面；对机具设备进行试运转。就绪后方可进行混凝土喷射作业。

1.10.3混凝土配合比应通过试验确定，满足混凝土强度和喷射工艺要求。

1.10.4喷射混凝土作业应自下而上施工，混凝土终凝至下一循环开挖土方时间应不小于3小时。

1.10.5作业开始时必须先送风，后开机，再给料;结束时，应待料喷完后再关风。

1.10.6喷射作业完毕或因故中断喷射时，必须将喷射机和输料管内的积料清除干净。

1.10.7喷射机应具有良好的密封性能，喷头应具有良好的工作性能。施工时喷头与喷面保持垂直，保持0.6～1.0 m的距离。喷手在施工时必须控制好水灰比，保持混凝土面平整，呈湿润光泽，无干斑或滑移流淌现象。

1.10.8混合料应随拌随喷，不掺混合料的干拌料，存放时间不应大于2h；掺有速凝剂的干混合料，存放时间不应大于20min.

1.10.9喷射混凝土回弹量不大于15%。

1.10.10喷射混凝土后应进行养护和保护,养护时间不得低于14d，温度低于5℃不得浇水养护。所喷混凝土达不到设计强度的40％不得受冻。

1.10.11验收标准

表面平整度允许偏差 30mm

,竖井两端预留泵坑,泵坑、罐坑周边及坑底采用钢筋和双层网片支护,并喷护混凝土。

1.11.7验收标准

钢筋:主筋分布间距： ±10

双层筋间距： ±10

保护层厚度： ±5

喷射混凝土:喷层厚度 不小于设计厚度

砼强度 不小于设计强度

井底标高 -20,0

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湖南师范大学2013－2014学年研究生英语课程考试

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