否定疑问句的构成和用法

反意疑问句是在陈述句后边加上一个简短问句,对陈述句所叙述的内容提出相反的疑问,这种句子就叫作反意疑问句。反意疑问句可以表示真实的疑问,也可以表示提问人的倾向、强调或反问。如果陈述句是肯定句时,后边的反意疑问句通常要用否定式;反之,如果陈述句是否定句时,后边的反意疑问句通常要用肯定式。陈述句和后边的反意疑问句的主语以及谓语动词的人称、数、时态通常要保持一致。例如:

He speaks English, doesn't he?

Mary won't do it, will she?

Lies cannot cover up the facts, can they?

回答反意疑问句和回答一般疑问句一样,肯定回答用"Yes, +肯定结构";否定回答用"No, +否定结构"。这与汉语习惯有所不同。例如:

-He's a doctor, isn't he?他是医生,对吧?

-Yes, he is.对,他是医生。(No, he isn't.不,他不是医生。)

-He isn't a doctor, is he?他不是医生,对吧?

-Yes, he is.不,他是医生。(No, he isn't.对,他不是医生。)

在使用反意疑问句时,特别要注意以下几点:

1.当动词have作"有"讲时,可以有两种反意疑问句形式。例如:

He hasn't any sisters, has he?

He doesn't have any sisters, does he?

当have表示其它含义(如:经历、遭受、得到、吃……)讲时,只有一种反意疑问句形式:

You all had a good time, didn't you?

He often has colds, doesn't he?

They had milk and bread for breakfast, didn't they?

2.如果陈述句的谓语动词含有have to, had to时,反意疑问句通常用其适当形式。例如:

We have to get there at 8 a.m. tomorrow, don't we?

They had to take the early train, didn't they?

3. need和dare既可以作情态动词,又可以作实义动词,注意有两种反意疑问句形式。例如:

You needn't hand in your paper today, need you?

You don't need to hand in your paper today, do you?

He dare ask the teacher, daren't he?

He doesn't dare to ask the teacher, does he?

4.如果陈述句的谓语动词含有used to时,也可以有两种反意疑问句形式。例如:

He used to live in London, usedn't/ didn't he?

5.如果陈述句中出现never, seldom, hardly, scarely, rarely, few, little, nobody, no one, nothing等含有否定意义的词时,反意疑问句通常要用肯定式。例如:

She seldom goes to the concert, does she?

He has few good reasons for staying, has he?

6.如果陈述句中的主语是不定式短语、动名词短语、从句、everything或nothing时,反意疑问句通常要用it作主语。例如:

To sell/ Selling newspaper was his job, wasn't it?

What he said is true, isn't it?

Everything is all right, isn't it?

7.如果陈述句中的主语是不定代词everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, each of等时,反意疑问句通常要用they或he作主语。例如:

Somebody borrowed my bike, didn't they/ he?

Each of them passed the exam, didn't they?

No one was hurt, was he/were they?

8.如果陈述句用"I am"时,反意疑问句通常要用"aren't I?"。例如:

I'm late, aren't I?

9.如果陈述句是含有宾语从句的复合句式,反意疑问句的主语以及谓语动词的人称、数、时态通常要与主句保持一致。例如:

He never said that he would come, did he?

I told that not everyone could do it, didn't I?

但是,如果陈述句是"I don't think (believe, suppose, imagine等)含有宾语从句的复合句式",反意疑问句的主语以及谓语动词的人称、数、时态通常要和从句保持一致,并且要用肯定式。例如:

I don't think the lady can complete the difficult job alone, can she?

I don't believe he knows it, does he?

10.如果陈述句是含有"there be"结构时,反意疑问句要用there,省去主语代词。例如:

There is something wrong with your computer, isn't there?

There won't be any trouble, will there?

11.如果陈述句的谓语是wish时,反意疑问句的谓语动词通常要用may。例如:

I wish to visit your school, may I?

12.如果陈述句是并列句,反意疑问句的主语以及谓语动词的人称、数、时态通常要与第二个分句保持一致。例如:

Tom isn't a good student, for it is the second time he has been late this week, isn't it?

英语中的反意疑问句

反意疑问句，又名附加疑问句，是英语中疑问句形式的一种。这一结构由第一部分提出看法，第二部分提出质疑。如果第一部分为肯定形式，第二部分通常用否定形式；第一部分为否定形式，第二部分就用肯定形式，两部分的时态要一致。例如：

　　It is a fine day, isn't it?

　　It isn't a fine day, is it?

　　从功能上讲，特别是在口语中，同样是反意疑问句，通过使用不同语调所表达的语意却大不相同。传统的解释是，句子后半部分读作轻声调时，表示信息咨询；句子后半部分读作降调时，含有期望对方肯定之意。反意疑问句从语言功能上讲有"犹豫不决"、"避免冲突"等底蕴。这与西方文化对女性社会角色的认定相吻合，故多为女子所使用。其次，来自方言变体的研究表明，在英语文化中，反意疑问句常用来表示"纡尊降贵"的言外之意，暗含明显的优越感。

　　近年来，在我国的大学英语四、六级考试中，反意疑问句的考点屡有出现。例如在2002年6月CET-4中43题为：There has been a great increase in retail sales, _______ ?

　　A) does there B) isn't there C) hasn't there D) isn't it

　　这该如何选择？反意疑问句是较容易掌握的一种语言现象，但在具体应用时，当主句中含有特殊的词或词组，或主句为一种特殊句型时，有的学习者往往犹豫不决。针对这种情况，笔者总结了以下几点，希望能对学习者有所帮助。

　　一、当主句的主语或谓语为特殊的词或词组时：

　　1. 当陈述部分的主语是everybody, everyone, someone, no one , nobody, somebody 等合成词或词组时，反意疑问句部分的主语在非正式文体中，往往用they,有时也用he; 而当陈述部分的主语为this, that, everything, nothing, something等时，反意疑问句部分的主语用it,如：

　　Somebody called on him yesterday, didn't they?

　　2. 当陈述部分是there存在句时，反意疑问句主语也用there。如：

　　There is no way out, is there?

　　因此在上述考题中，应选C。

　　3. 当陈述部分带有表示"所有"含义的have时，反意疑问句部分既可用have引导，也可用do引导，但当have不表示所有含义时，附加疑问句必须用do引导。

　　You have a good friend, haven't you / don't you?

　　We had a good time in the city, didn't we?

　　4. 当陈述部分主语为used to 时，反意疑问句部分动词可用used to 或did 形式引导，如：

　　Your father used to drink a lot, usedn't he / didn't he?

　　5. 当陈述部分的主语是one时，反意疑问句部分的主语在正式场合用one,在非正式场合用you,如：

　　One should be happy in this situation, shouldn't one/ shouldn't you?

　　6.如果陈述部分的动词或形容词是加否定前缀构成的，则反意疑问句中动词仍用否定，如：

　　He is unmarried, isn't he?

　　而当陈述部分的主语为nothing 时，则反意疑问句中动词用肯定,如：

　　There is nothing left, is there?

　　7. 当陈述部分为ought to 时，反意疑问句部分可用should引导，也可用ought to 形式，如：

　　He ought to go by train, shouldn't/oughtn't he?

　　8. 当陈述部分带有情态动词need,dare时，反意疑问句部分一般由need,dare 等构成，如：

　　The boy needn't make such a loud noise, need he?

　　但当need ,dare 作行为动词时，则应按行为动词构成反意疑问句的方法，即加助动词来构成反意疑问句部分。

　　9. 当陈述句部分为动词wish时，反意疑问句用may 的肯定形式，如：

　　I wish to shake hands with you, may I?

　　10. 当陈述句部分含有情态动词must时，要根据must 的具体含义而定。

　　1)当陈述部分的must表示"一定"，"想必"等推测意义时，反意疑问句部分不用must,而必须根据must 后的动词而采用相应的助动词来构成反意疑问句。如：

　　You must be very happy, aren't you？

　　He must have taught English for many years, hasn't he?

　　2)当陈述部分的must 表示"必须"的含义时，反意疑问句部分用mustn't，如：

　　They must hand in their papers right now, mustn't they?

　　3)当陈述部分的must 表示"有必要"时，反意疑问句部分用needn't，如：

　　He must go now , needn't he?

　　4)当陈述部分为mustn't 表示"禁止"时，反意疑问句部分用must，如：

　　You mustn't smoke in the room, must you?

　　二、当主句的主语或谓语动词为特殊结构时：

　　1. 当陈述部分为I'm...结构时，反意疑问句一般为aren't I,如：

　　I am right, aren't I?

　　2.当陈述部分为you'd better 或you'd rather时，反意疑问句用hadn't you或wouldn't you，如：

　　You'd better finish your homework, hadn't you?

　　3. 动词不定式，动名词短语或其他短语作陈述句部分的主语时，反意疑问句的主语通常用it ,如：

　　To get rid of a bad habit is not easy, is it?

　　三、当主句为特殊句型时：

　　1. 当陈述句是一个主从复合句，反意疑问句部分一般应根据主句的谓语动词而定，但当陈述句为并列复合句时，依后一句谓语而定,如：

　　It's not colder than it was yesterday, is it?

　　但当主句是I suppose, I think, I believe 等结构时，反意疑问句往往应根据从句的主、谓来定，但要注意否定的转移。如：

　　I don't suppose he is serious , is he?

　　2. 祈使句也可用反意疑问句，其谓语形式通常用情态动词will, shall, can 等构成,如：

　　Pass me the sugar, will you?

　　Don't talk like that, will you?

　　如果是否定祈使句，反意疑问句部分则用all right, ok等,如：

　　Let's not go to the park, ok?

　　由Let's 引导的祈使句的反意疑问句部分用shall we 或will you,这取决于us 的含义。当us 包括说者与听者在内，陈述部分形式为Let's，疑问部分用shall we ,而当us 只指听者，陈述部分形式为Let us, 疑问部分用will you，如：

　　Let's try harder, shall we?

　　Let us go now, will you?

　　3. 感叹句的反意疑问句，其动词用to be 的现在时，而且通常为否定，如：

　　What a fanny man, isn't he?

　　四、特殊形式的反意疑问句

　　1. 陈述部分与附加部分同时都是肯定或否定，则表示说话人怀疑、嘲讽的态度。如：

　　Your car is outside, is it?

　　He doesn't like his job, doesn't he?

　　2. 有时反意疑问句部分主语为you,与陈述句主语不同，此时，反意疑问句相当于How about you? What do you think of it? 其谓语也跟主句谓语一致。如：

　　I hope they won't have to wait all day, don't you?

　　因此，英语中的反意疑问句是一种既简单又复杂的语言现象，在我们的学习中，不但要能够全面地掌握其用法，还要能够在正确的场合中正确地使用，这对于我们外语学习者是非常重要的。

1．当陈述部分的主语是I，而句子又用来征询对方的意见时，附加疑问句中的主语用you。如：　　I find English very interesting, don’t you?

　　I don’t like that film, do you?

　　　　2．当陈述部分的主语是everybody, everyone, someone, nobody, no one, somebody等合成代词时，附加疑问句中的主语通常用they。但亦可用he，尤其是nobody, no one等作主语，具有否定概念时。如：

　　Somebody phoned while I was out, didn’t they?

　　Everyone enjoyed the party, didn’t they?

　　Nobody wants to go there, does he?

　　3．当陈述部分的主语是不定代词everything, nothing, anything, something时，附加 疑问句中的主语一般用it，不用they。如：

　　Everything seems all right now, doesn’t it?

　　Nothing is kept in good order, is it?

　　Something must be done to stop pollution, isn’t it?

　　4.当陈述部分的主语是指示代词this, that或these, those时，附加疑问句中的主语分别用it和they。如：

　　This is important, isn’t it?

　　That isn’t correct, is it?

　　These are your friends Tom and Jack, aren’t they?

　　　　5.如果陈述部分是以代词one作主语，附加疑问句中的主语在正式场合用one，非正式场合用you,在美国英语中，在非正式场合还可以用he。如：

　　One can’t be too careful, can one?或can you?

　　One should do his duty, shouldn’t he?

　　6．如果陈述部分用I’m…结构，附加疑问部分一般用aren’t I。如：

　　I am strong and healthy aren’t I。

　　　　7．当陈述句为there be结构时，附加疑问句中的主语也用there。如：

　　There’s no help for it, is there?

　　There’s something wrong, isn’t there?

　　　　8．陈述部分带有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little,nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时，附加疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。如：

　　Bob rarely got drunk, did he?

　　Few people know him, do they?

　　She seldom goes to the cinema, does she?

　　　　如果陈述部分的否定词带有否定前缀，那么，该陈述部分作肯定处理，附加疑问部分一般仍用否定形式。如：

　　He was unsuccessful, wasn’t he?

　　Tom dislikes the book, doesn’t he?

　　　9．当陈述部分为主从复合句时，附加疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。如：

　　She says that I did it, doesn’t she?

　　I told them not everybody could do it ,didn’t I?

　　　　但当陈述部分的主语是I，谓语是think, believe, suppose, expect这类动词时，附加疑问部分则往往与从句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移。

　　I suppose that he’s serious isn’t he?

　　I don’t think she cares, does she?

　　　　10．当陈述部分是并列句，附加疑问句则需和就近的分句的主语和谓语一致。如：

　　Xiao Lin has been writing letters all afternoon but he should finish them now, shouldn’t he?

　　11．在由“祈使句+附加疑问”构成的附加疑问句中，附加疑问部分一般用will you, won’t you, would you,有时也可用can you, can’t you, why don’t you, could you等。如：

　　Don’t open the door, will you?

　　Give me some cigarettes, can you?

　　Take a rest, why don’t you?

　　但是，以let’s开头的祈使句，附加疑问部分用shall we;以let us开头的祈使句，如果含义是allow us，不包括听话人在内，疑问部分用will you。如：

　　Let’s have a basketball match this afternoon, shall we?

　　Let us go out for a rest, will you?

　　　　12．当陈述部分带有情态动词must表示“必须”时，疑问部分用mustn’t。如：

　　You must work hard next term, mustn’t you?

　　I must answer the letter, mustn’t I?

　　　　但若表推测这层含义时，不能用must，而要根据陈述部分的不定式结构（即must之后的动词）以及含义采用相应的动词形式。如：

　　You must have made a mistake, haven’t you?

　　They must have seen the film last week, didn’t they?

　　He must be in the library, isn’t he?

　　　　13．当陈述部分含有情态动词used to时，疑问部分可用usedn’t或didn’t。如：

　　The old man used to smoke, didn’t he?或usedn’t he?

　　Tom used to live here, usedn’t he?或didn’t he?

　　　　14 当陈述部分带有情态动词ought to时，疑问部分用oughtn’t或shouldn’t。如：

　　He ought to know the answer, oughtn’t he?

　　We ought to read this book, oughtn’t we?或shouldn’t we?

　　15．当陈述部分含有had better时，疑问部分用had。

　　如： You’d better finish your homework now, hadn’t you?

　　　　16．感叹句后的附加疑问句的谓语动词需用be的现在时，且常用否定形式。如：

　　What a clever boy, isn’t he?

　　What a lovely day, isn’t it?

　　　　17．陈述句子中的主语为动词不定式短语、动名词短语或其他短语时，疑问部分的主语通常用it。如：

　　Learning how to repair motors takes a long time, doesn’t it?

　　Between six and seven will suit you, won’t it?

　　Where to hold the meeting has not been decided, has it?

　　　　18．在口语和非正式文体中，为了加强语气，只是表示某种惊奇、怀疑、反感、讽刺等感情而并不是为了寻求回答，这时前后两部分的肯定、否定是一致的。如：

　　Oh, he is a writer, is he?

　　You’ll not go, won’t you?

　　　　19．陈述句中的谓语动词是wish，表示愿望时用may，且用肯定形式。如：

　　I wish to have a chance to learn English, may I?

　　　　20．当陈述部分带有表示“所有”含义的动词have（has）时，疑问部分既可用have形式，也可用do形式。如：

　　You have a new bike, haven’t you（或don’t you）?

　　She doesn’t have any money in her pocket, does she?

    反意疑问句的巩固练习：

　　　　1.I don’t think that the necklace is made of diamond,________?

　　A. do I B. do you C. isn’t it D. is it

　　2.His wife had the carpets and the curtains cleaned,________?

　　A. hadn’t B. had C. didn’t she D. did she

　　　　3.It’s my son’s wedding next week, and I have to do my best for that,____________?

　　A. haven’t I B. don’t I C. don’t he D. isn’t it

　　　　4.Harry wouldn’t become a teacher if it hadn’t been for the holiday, ____________?

　　A. would he B. had it C. would it D. had he

　　　　5.No one left here yesterday,________?

A. didn’t theyB. did they C. didn’t one D. did one

　　　　6.Birds rarely build nests in our garden,________?

　　A. don’t they B. do they C. didn’t they D. did they

　　　　7.You must have been to the Great Wall,____________?

　　A. mustn’t you B. haven’t you C. aren’t you D. must you

　　8.learning how to repair motors takes a long time,________?

　　A. doesn’t it B. don’t they C. does it 　D. do they

　　　　9.They must have stayed at home last night,________?

　　A. mustn’t they B. haven’t they C. didn’t they D. must they

　　　　10.I feel like going to the cinema tonight,________?

　　A. don’t IB. don’t you C. do I D. do you

　　11.Let’s start out early tomorrow morning,________?

　　A. shall we

　　B. will you

　　C. do you

　　D. can’t you

　　　　12.There’s not much news in today’s newspaper,________?

　　A. isn’t it

　　B. is it

　　C. isn’t there

　　D. is there

　　　　13.They need our help badly at the moment,________?

　　A. needn’t they

　　B. need they

　　C. don’t they

　　D. do they

　　　　14.She is unfit for the position,________?

　　A. is she

　　B. isn’t she

　　C. doesn’t she

　　D. does she

　　　　15.I wish to visit America,________?

　　A. don’t I

　　B. can I

　　C. may I

　　D. may you

　　　　16.She’s been a worker here for many years,________?

　　A. isn’t she

　　B. is she

　　C. hasn’t she

　　D. has she

　　　　17.What beautiful flowers,________?

　　A. aren’t they

　　B. are they

　　C. isn’t it

　　D. is it

　　　　18.Mother used to live in a poor village,____________?

　　A. sed she

　　B. usedn’t she

　　C. didn’t he

　　D. did he

　　　　19.You’d better go at once,________?

　　A. wouldn’t you

　　B. had you

　　C. hadn’t you

　　D. should you

　　20.I am very interested in Mark Twain’s novels,________?

　　A. aren’t I

　　B. am not I

　　C. aren’t you

　　D. are you

Keys:1-5 DCBAB　6-10 BBACD　11-15 ADABC　16-20 CABCA