科技论文的写作规范

一、概述

一篇完整的科技论文，大体上应当包含以下几个部分。

题目：Title

作者：Author(s)

机构：Affiliation

摘要：Abstract

关键词（或检索词）：Keyword(s)或Index terms

正文：Article

致谢：Acknowledgement

参考文献：Reference(s)

作者介绍：Biography

在格式上，不同的期刊杂志，有不同的要求。可根据不同投稿意向参照不同的要求来准备。

科技论文的题目是对该论文研究内容或结论的总概括，是科技论文的重要组成部分。

论文题目的设定：简短、直接，一般采用描述性的语句，有时为了引起读者的注意，也可以采用疑问句的形式，但很少。一般不使用标点符号。

作者：参与论文工作或直接参与论文写作的人。作者姓名的格式在不同的刊物上有不同的要求，有的按“姓”前“名”后、全称给出的形式，有的按“姓”全称、“名”简写的格式。

机构：作者所在的机构的全称。有的直接列在作者下方（如大多数中文科技期刊），也有的以脚标的形式给出（如IEEE汇刊）。

摘要：分两种形式，一种是与论文在一起的简单摘要。还有一种是与论文分离的详细摘要。摘要的写法在后面详细介绍。

关键词（或检索词）：与所研究的问题、或所采用的研究方法和手段直接相关的专业词汇，主要用于读者尽快了解该论文所涉及的领域、所采用的方法等；或者作为索引工具的主要检索途径使用。

正文：是论文的核心部分。

致谢：对参与论文工作但未在文中署名的其他人员、为该研究提供过帮助的人员或机构表示感谢。

参考文献：对论文中所引用的部分，给出其原始出处。参考文献的应用格式，在不同的刊物中有不同的规定。譬如，《中国电机工程学报》给出的参考文献引用格式如下。

作者介绍：对论文作者的学术经历、学术兴趣等内容的简单介绍。

三、Guiding for Abstract Writing（摘要的写法）(1)

科技论文的摘要是科技文章的重要组成部分。它可以为其他感兴趣的研究人员提供必要的信息。

1、摘要的组成

科技论文的摘要是由一系列陈述组成的，这些陈述表达了论文的基本观点和看法、结论。

一篇好的摘要可以为相关的人员——包括作者自身、读者、查询人员以及索引编制者提供明确有价值的信息。

一篇好的摘要应具有以下的特点：

● 是一个可以独立存在的单元，是一个缩微的完整报告——信息是完整的。

● 任何的多余内容都是不需要的。

● 不包含图、表、文献引用等。

● 应当包含论文研究所得到的尽可能全面的定性或定量的结果。

● 一般在150~300字之间。

● 四要素齐全：针对什么问题、采用什么手段（方法、工具）、开展什么工作、得到什么结果。what is actually presented, measured, theorized, studied, or reported; how it was/is measured, analyzed, constructed, derived, or fabricated; and why it is so. Note any results, conclusions, or theories used to explain what was reported. Why is not always present or known; an article may simply report an observation of a phenomenon. However, whenever results can be included, the abstract becomes more valuable.

2、如何撰写论文摘要

● Read the article, and list, in order, the topics that are discussed.

● Review each topic in turn to see if a direct informative statement of the result achieved can be written. Otherwise give a listing of the important topics studied or discussed.

● Compose a first sentence that will clearly establish the context and scope of the article.

● Edit the completed abstract for style. Use definite statements instead of generalities. Use the shortest clear expression for each thought. Use language appropriate to the potential reader of the article (who is usually not an expert). Make style and grammar consistent throughout. Eliminate obscure abbreviations and define all abbreviations on first use.

● Do not cite other articles unless your paper is a continuation of or is directly based upon, a specific, previously published article, or if the citation is crucial to the understanding of your work. In this case, give the complete citation enclosed in square brackets, even if the citation also appears in the reference list.

● Check that the abstract meets these five criteria: (1) The abstract tells the prospective reader what the article is about, in language appropriate to the field. (2) The abstract states the principal results and conclusions of the article when they are of a nature that permits brief statement. (3) The abstract is no longer than necessary, typically 100 to150 words, longer only if the complexity of the article demands it. (4) The abstract and title contain the information needed to index the article. (5) The abstract does not contain concepts or conclusions beyond those discussed or arrived at in the article itself.

3、例子

a) Title: “Laser Radar for tracking Airborne Targets”

Abstract: An instrumentation tracker that quickly shows the position of high-speed targets with great precision is described. Range is determined by FM-CW radar. Azimuth and elevation angles are recorded on magnetic tape or read out to a computer.

These title and abstract are merely indicative of the work done and provide few technical details.

以上的论文标题和摘要，没有提供给读者关于该论文独特的信息，写得不好。

b) Title: “A Precise Optical Instrumentation Radar”

Abstract: An instrumentation tracker is described that provides real-time positional data on high-speed cooperative targets with a precision <1 m at ranges between 300 m and 10 km. Unambiguous range is determined by a precise digital frequency-modulation-continuous-wave (FM-CW) ranging technique using a target-mounted beacon and a narrow laser ranging beam. This system permits measurement of target position to values much less than target dimension. Azimuth and elevation angles are read out by precision shaft angle encoders and recorded in binary form, along with range and time, on magnetic tape or directly to a real time computer.

These title and abstract are indicative of the work done and informative as to the engineering techniques and the limits of precision.

三、、摘要的写法（2）

1、不同类型摘要的内涵

不同类型的论文，其摘要的写法有一些差别。

In experimental research articles, for example, abstracts typically describe the methodology used, the main results, and major conclusions. Occasionally there is also an opening background statement of purpose, although this is likely to be useful only to non-specialist readers. Usually, the abstract for an experimental research article is informative in the sense that it emphasizes major findings and conclusions.

With review-type articles, in which there is often no single main point or finding, abstracts tend to describe only the general contents of the article rather than specific findings. And they are normally written in the present tense.

2、详细摘要

有时，为了资料编辑整理的需要，要求作者提供论文的详细摘要（一般篇幅限制在一页纸范围）。这个详细摘要实际上是对整个论文的缩写。

3、例子

下面是一篇英文摘要的例子。

Title COMPOSING LETTERS WITH A

SIMULATED LISTENING TYPEWRITER

background Abstract. With a listening typewriter, what an author says would be automatically

recognized and displayed in front of him or her. However, speech recognition is not

purpose yet advanced enough to provide people with a reliable listening typewriter. An aim of our experiments was to determine if an im- perfect listening typewriter would be

method useful for composing letters. Participants dictated letters, either in isolated words or in consecutive word speech. They did this with simulations of listening typewriters

results that recognized either a limited vocabulary or an unlimited vocabulary. Results indicated that some versions, even upon first using them, were at least as

conclusion good as traditional methods of handwriting and dictating. Isolated word speech with large vocabularies may provide the basis for a useful listening typewriter.

四、论文正文的写法——研究性论文

1、科技论文正文的组成

科技论文的正文一般包括以下几部分：

引言：Introduction

论文主体：Body

结论：Conclusion

引言：介绍本论文所涉及工作的背景，综述在该领域已经进行的工作及主要结论，说明本论文工作的主要成果。

论文主体：是论文的核心内容。篇幅最大，内容最多，是主题思想的展开和论述。根据所进行的研究工作的不同特点，又有不同的写法。

结论：总结论文研究结果，归纳得出的基本观点。

2、科技论文正文的主要内容

一般的研究论文，按照内容可分为3种类型：实验研究、理论建模、计算与仿真。不同类型的论文，有不同的写法。

3、注意事项

● 整体性：科技论文是一个自成系统的整体，除了必要的文献引用之外，论文应能围绕一个主题给出完整的论述。

● 连贯性：论文各部分之间围绕一个明确的主题看逻辑顺序展开。

● 逻辑性：要特别注意推理过程的逻辑性，任何结果的推出都要有足够的说服力。

五、综述性论文

综述性论文（Review）一般是围绕某一个方面，对近一段时间里所进行的研究工作、所取得的研究进展的综合总结和评述，通过总结和评述，为下一步的研究提供新的思路和方向。

综述绝不是材料的堆砌，除了精选材料之外，还必须在对材料进行研读、比较、深化之后给出恰当的评价（赞同、批判、补充等）。