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国际经济学中英名词解释

Absoluteadvantage:Thegreaterefficiencythatonenationmayhaveoveranotherintheproductionofacommodity.ThiswasthebasisfortradeforAdamSmith.绝对优势
Lawofcomparativeadvantage:Thelessefficientnationshouldspecializeinandexportthecommodityinwhichitsabsolutedisadvantageissmaller(thisisthecommodityofitscomparativeadvantage,andshouldimporttheothercommodity.比较优势原理Advaloremtariff:Atariffexpressedasafixedpercentageofthevalueofatradedcommodity.从价税
Specifictariff:从量税Atariffexpressedasafixedsumperunitofatradedcommodity.
Capital-intensivecommodity:Thecommoditywiththehighercapital-laborratioatallrelativefactorprices.资本密集型商品
Labor-intensivecommodity:Thecommoditywiththehigherlabor-capitalratio(L/Katallrelativefactorprices.劳动密集型产品Capitalinflow:Anincreaseofforeignassetsinthenationorareductioninthenation’sassetsabroad.资本流入
Capitaloutflow:Adecreaseofforeignassetsinthenationoranincreasesthenation’sassetsabroad.资本流出
Communityindifferencecurve:Thecurvethatshowsthevariouscombinationsoftwocommoditiesyieldingequalsatisfactiontothecommunityornation.Communityindifferencecurvesarenegativelysloped,convexfromtheorigin,andshouldnotacross.社会无差异曲线Consumersurplus:Thedifferencebetweenwhatconsumersarewillingtopayforaspecificamountofacommodityandwhattheyactuallypayforit.消费者剩余
Producersurplus:Therevenueproducersreceiveoverandabovetheminimumamountrequiredtoinducethemtosupplythegood.生产者剩余
Currentaccount:Theaccountthatincludesallsalesandpurchasesofcurrentlyproducedgoodsandservices,incomeonforeigninvestments,andunilateraltransfers.经常项目
Credittransactions:Transactionsthatinvolvethereceiptofpaymentsfromforeigners.Theseincludetheexportofgoodsandservices,unilateraltransfersfromforeigners,andcapitalinflow.贷方交易

Debittransactions:Transactionsthatinvolvepaymentstoforeigners.Theseincludetheimportofgoodsandservices,unilateraltransferstoforeigners,andcapitaloutflows.借方交易
Deficitinthebalanceofpayments:Theexcessofdebitsovercreditsinthecurrentandcapitalaccounts,orautonomoustransactions,equaltothenetcreditbalanceintheofficialreserveaccount,oraccommodatingtransactions.国际收支逆差
Factorabundance:Thefactorofproductionavailableingreaterproportionandatalowerrelativepriceinonenationthaninanothernation.要素丰裕度
Generalequilibriumanalysis:Thestudyoftheinterdependencethatexistsamongallmarketsintheeconomy.一般均衡分析
Generalequilibriummodel:Aneconomicmodelthatstudiesthebehaviorofallproducers,andtraderssimultaneously.一般均衡模型Heckscher-Ohlin(H-Otheory:赫克歇尔—俄林理论Thetheorythatpostulatesthat(1anationexportscommoditiesintensiveinitsrelativelyabundantandcheapfactorand(2internationaltradebringsaboutequalizationinreturnstohomogeneousfactorsacrosscountries.Infant-industryargument:Theargumentthattemporarytradeprotectionisneededtosetupanindustryandtoprotectitduringitsinfancyagainstcompetitionfrommoreestablishedandefficientforeignfirms.幼稚工业保护税
Marginalrateofsubstitution,MRS:Theamountofonecommoditythatanationcouldgiveupinexchangeforoneextraunitofasecondcommodityandstillremainonthesameindifferencecurve.Itisgivenbytheslopeofthecommunityindifferencecurveatthepointofconsumptionanddeclinesasthenationconsumesmoreofthesecondcommodity.边际替代率
Marginalrateoftransformation,MRT:Theamountofonecommoditythatanationmustgiveuptoproduceeachadditionalunitofanothercommodity.Thisisanothernamefortheopportunitycostofacommodityandisgivenbytheslopeoftheproductionfrontieratthepointofproduction.边际转换率
Opportunitycosttheory:Thetheorythatthecostofacommodityistheamountofasecondcommoditythatmustbegivenuptoreleasejustenoughresourcestoproduceonemoreunitofthefirst

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